Defining AB, Historical/Contemporary Perspectives, Research Methods Flashcards
(220 cards)
1
Q
Who is David Rosenhan?
A
psychologist who sent normal people to mental institutes. 1st time most people were diagnosed with schizophrenia upon release. 2nd time he also sent all normal people and asked nurses to tell him who they thought we’re abnormal. Nurses thought about 40 of the patients were abnormal
2
Q
What was the common model in the 1800s?
A
Medical Model- people thought psychological disorders were sicknesses of the mind and had physiological causes.
3
Q
What is the main approach used today?
A
Bio-pyscho-social model- a broad, holistic view
4
Q
What does DSM stand for, what’s the latest version and when did it come out?
A
diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 5th edition, 2013
5
Q
What % of people in the US show behaviors consistent with diagnosis at some point throughout life? And how many adults in any given year?
A
46%, 26%
6
Q
What country has the highest % of people with diagnosable behaviors?
A
United States
7
Q
what age group is the most likely to show AB symptoms? And this group is how many times more likely to show symptoms compared to people over 50?
A
18-25, twice as likely
8
Q
what is the Walmart test?
A
if something just feels off
9
Q
Culture plays a major role in providing context. What is a difference between the East and the West when it comes to depression?
A
people in the west feel a range of emotions from guilt and sadness to hopelessness/helplessness. In the east, people tend to experience somatic symptoms such as weakness and headaches
10
Q
What model was used 11-9000 BC, what was the cause of the AB and what was the treatment?
A
demonological, spirits in the head, trefination (put a hole in the skull to let the spirit out)
11
Q
What model was used in Ancient Greece 600-400BC
A
Medical model
12
Q
who was the founder of the medical model?
A
Hippocrates
13
Q
Hippocrates founded what model and what was the basis of that model?
A
medical model. fluids flow through the body. If one is healthy, these fluids are in balance.. a chemical imbalance causes illness
14
Q
what is the chemical imbalance theory and who posited it?
A
if fluids flowing through the body are out of balance, illness will occur, Hippocrates
15
Q
What are the 4 humors? and what does each have to deal with?
A
- Black bile- spleen, depression
- Yellow- liver, mania/anger
- Flem- lethargy
- Blood- cheerfulness/optimissm
16
Q
What was a healing modality used in ancient Greece? and why was it used?
A
Bloodletting- the body will produce more blood if we draw some out and the humors will be balanced… Hippocrates thought the body would naturally heal itself this way
17
Q
How long was the practice of bloodletting utilized?
A
common in the US though 1800s into early 1900s
18
Q
when were the Medieval times and what was going on during this period?
A
800-1500.. In Europe the church ruled- it was the source of education, government and spirituality
19
Q
What was thought to cause AB in Medieval Europe?
A
THE DEVIL
20
Q
What was done to people for treatment during Medieval times?
A
exorcisms, flogging, waving a cross at them crazy fools
21
Q
When was the Renaissance Period roughly? and what came after the floggings and exorcisms?
A
1400s-17/1800s- witchcraft!!!
22
Q
What was the Malias Malifacium? When was it created?
A
“the witches hammer” 1846
23
Q
What were the sections of “the witches hammer” and what did they say?
A
- why we need to investigate witchcraft
- how witches operate so we know who is one
- how they should be dealt with
24
Q
How did the Malias Malifacium say that witches should be dealt with?
A
they were tortured to death- “if we keep going they’ll fess up” If they died their name was cleared. It was very important to have a clean name in those times.
25
What was going on in the Mediterranean area in the 1500s?
Asylums for the clinically insane became a thing.
26
what's the famous asylum located in London that was founded in the early 1500s? What was its nickname?
St Marys of Bethlem.. "Bedlam"
27
Why were asylums so prominent in the 1500s and on?
isolate the crazy people form society to keep it safe
28
Were asylums nice places to chill?
No- they were filled with disease and there were many assaults leading to many deaths
29
What began to happen in the 1800s?
Reform- moral therapy
30
who was the French psychologist that advocated for fair treatment of patients and said to talk with them?
Philipe Pinel
31
What two psychologists in the US advocated to the moral treatment approach?
Dorthea Dix and Benjamin Rush
32
What was going on in the US in the 19th and 20th century?
relapse into asylums
33
During the time when asylums were very common, what was the belief about mental illness?
It was incurable, but medication could help. People were kept in asylums until the "right" meds were found for them
34
what drugs were developed in the mid 20th century? (1950) and what did they do?
Neuroleptic meds- Thorazine- treat sever mental illness, reduced aggression and agitation
35
What's the main problem with the community health movement?
not enough funding to be fully effective
36
how many people were in asylums in the 1950s?
600k
37
how many people are in mental health institutions today?
40k
38
in the world of psychology, what does reinstitutionalization mean?
go from a psychological institution to prison
39
what are some of the main factors within the DSM5?
- clinically significant disturbance
- disfunction
- significant distress or disability
- unexpected/not culturally approved behavior
- deviance from the norm
- faulty social perceptions and interpretations of reality
- maladaptive/self defeating behavior
- dangerousness
40
how many areas of disturbance are there and what are they?
3
- cognition- how you think about things
- emotional regulation
- behavior regulation
41
which medical field uses the medical model?
psychiatry
42
what are we mainly looking at under the medical model?
biological influences- we treat it like any other biological disease
43
who is the DSM published by?
the American Psychiatric Association
44
what is a critique of the DSM?
it overemphasizes the medical model
45
The DSM is _____ not ______
descriptive not explanatory- it describes symptoms of abnormal behaviors
46
the DSM is based on a ______ model of classification... what is the significance of this?
categorical- clinicians need to make a categorical yes or no judgement about if a disorder is present... the drawback of this that it doesn't give a means of evaluating the severity of each symptom
47
The DSM focuses on _____ of behaviors common to people with disorders
clusters
48
what are some common biological influences of AB
genetics (can increase the likelihood of disorder), chemical imbalances, neurological damage
49
what are SSRIs used for?
reuptake serotonin for depression
50
What are the psychological factors that influence AB?
- unconscious processes
- stress/trauma
- learned behaviors
- cognitive processes- how we think
51
What are social cultural factors that influence AB?
poverty, no access to child care, urban vs rural, family of origin, peers, unemployment, social injustice, social roles such as gender or just one's role in society
52
Why is the Bio-Psycho-Social Model the best?
there's usually a lot of interplay between factors causing the AB
53
why is research in abnormal psychology important?
it helps to answer important questions and gives us confidence in our findings of how things work.. also so we can ethically treat people
54
what does research NOT do? and why?
explain why an INDIVIDUAL develops a certain disorder- there are too many factors and it's also unethical
55
How many steps are there in the scientific method and what are they?
5 steps
1. devise a specific/answerable question
2. come up with a hypothesis based on this question/theory
3. test the hypothesis by collecting data
4. draw conclusions
5. peer reviews, publication, presentations for critiques
56
in the scientific method, what do you do after coming up with a specific question?
form a hypothesis that would explain the question/theory
57
in the scientific method, what do you do after forming a hypothesis?
test it by collecting data
58
what does the experimental method of research accomplish?
shows legitimate causality (cause/effect) - can see the effectiveness of different treatments
59
which approach to research allows you to see the effectiveness of different treatments?
experimental methodology
60
What is the other approach to research somewhat similar to the experimental method?
correlation method
61
what is the drawback of the correlation method of research?
it does not necessarily prove causality
62
Which form of research looks at the role of someones environment and heredity?
kinship
63
what does epidemiological research look at?
looks for patterns in large groups of similar situations
64
what are some examples that epidemiological research might look at?
- if people go to medical doctors before psychologist
- do we see this going on more in inpatient or outpatient people?
- how prevalent diseases are in different clusters of people (region, culture)
65
studying twins and adoption is what kind of research?
kinship
66
monozygotic twins are what? How does this occur? what is the outcome
identical- 1 fertilized egg split- share 100% of DNA
67
a kinship study might look at how much ____ and ____ natal environment twins share.. why is this important?
pre & post... regular siblings were probably parented very differently
68
what do concordance rates show?
heritability: how monozygotic twins develop the same disorders
69
what is the evidence that genetics are a big factor in developing schizophrenia?
48% of monozygotic twins are diagnosed with schizophrenia, 17% in dizygotic, 9% in regular sibling... dizygotic and regular sibs share less DNA than monozygotic twins... the jump from 48% to 17% is much larger than the jump from 17 to 9... so there are other factors besides genetics but it's a big factor
70
what is the main difference between dizygotic twins and regular siblings?
the environment they grow up in... dizygotic twins are likely cared for very similarly, whereas regular siblings born at different times probably have a different up-bringing
71
why is hard to study adopted children?
screenings- families that are able to adopt are likely fairly similar.. good peeps
72
what factor of the DSM can lead to the other factors of distress?
dysfunction- stress, anxiety, trauma
73
What does it mean that the DSM is hierarchical?
if you dont have clinically significant disturbance, you cannot be diagnosed
74
what is a theory?
explanation of observed patterns or relationships
75
what is a synapse?
where the axon terminal and dendrite meet
76
whats the synaptic cleft?
gap between axon terminal and dendrite where neurotransmitters travel from AT to receptor site
77
what are the 4 main neurotransmitters?
1. Acetylcholine
2. Dopamine
3. Norepinephrine
4. serotonin
78
which neurotransmitter makes muscles contract?
acetylcholine
79
what roles does acetylcholine play?
muscle contraction, formation of memories, excitatory role
80
Which NT is important for fine motor skills, learning/memories, emotions?
Dopamine
81
What are the functions of dopamine
fine motor skills, learning, memories, emotional processing
82
an over-utilization of which NT is associated with schizophrenia?
Dopamine
83
low levels of which NT is associated with parkinsons?
Dopamine
84
low levels of dopamine are associated with?
parkinsons
85
high levels of dopamine are associated with?
schizophrenia
86
What are the functions of norepinephrine?
learning, memories, stimulation
87
serotonin is associated with?
mood, satiation, sleep
88
low levels of serotonin are associated with?
aggression, anxiety, depression
89
What are the main anatomical features of the CNS?
spinal cord, brain stem, mid brain, forebrain, cerebrum
90
what part of the CNS is considered the old reptilian brain?
brain stem and mid brain
91
what is the function of the brain stem/mid brain?
survival
92
what does the reticular activating system do?
senses changes in environment
93
What are the main anatomical features of the forebrain?
thalamus, hypothalamus
94
what system is the forebrain (thalamus/hypothalamus) included in?
the limbic system
95
what is the thalamus responsible for?
takes in sensory info and processes it
96
what is the main function of the hypothalimus?
maintain homeostasis: blood O2 levels, hunger, sex drives
97
the thalamus and hypothalamus are features of what?
forebrain
98
what is the cerebral cortex responsible for?
overall higher mental functions
99
what is included in the cerebral cortex?
frontal lobe, motor area/cortex, temporal lobe, parietal, occipital
100
where is the prefrontal cortex and what is its function?
frontal lobe- executive control; judgement/decision making, rational thinking, emotional control
101
what area is responsible for voluntary motor control?
motor area/complex
102
where is the temporal lobe, whats its function?
left side, language cortex
103
what is located within the temporal lobe that is responsible for making language/sounds coherent?
Wernicke's area
104
what does Wernicke's Area do?
helps us make sound that are coherent for others and helps us make sense of the sounds made by others
105
What is Broca's area responsible for?
physical production of speech; moving tongue and lips
106
what two areas are located in the temporal lobe?
wernickes area and brocas area
107
what is the parietal lobe responsible for?
sensory info and memories
108
Whats the role of the occipital lobe?
vision processing
109
what ares is the peripheral nervous system divided into?
autonomic and somatic
110
which PNS structure is responsible for involuntary activities like hormone regulation?
autonomic NS
111
what are some roles of the autonomic NS?
involuntary reg of hormones, responds to environment to excite or calm us
112
what are the subsystems of the autonomic NS?
Sympathetic and parasympathetic
113
which subsystem of the autonomic ns recharges us and stores energy
parasympathetic
114
what does the sympathetic ns do?
raises BP, HR, breathing rate; prepping for action
115
Genes don't _____ behavioral outcomes but they do create a _______
dictate, predisposition
116
which neofreudian developed analytical psychology?
Carl Jung
117
Alfred Adler's theory dealt with what?
the inferiority complex- people compensate for their shortcomings... at some point we are all small and thus feel the need for social dominance
118
How would Adler say that a healthy personality deals with an inferiority complex?
helping others
119
which neofreudian talked about fulfilling your individual potential "individual pyschology"
Alfred Adler
120
Karen Horney's theory
all about parent/child relationship.. if parents are harsh, children can develop anxiety.. if the children grow to resent the parent they will develop basic hostility
121
what is the underlying theme of the psychodynamic models?
role of the unconscious and how it affects behavior
122
which psychoanalyst focused on psycho social roles?
Erick Ericson
123
Erick Ericson believes what about personalities?
they are shaped by ego identity and our roles in society.. also that they continue to develop throughout our lives as we go through different phases "who am I and what do I believe in?"
124
who posited the object- relations theory?
Margaret Mahler
125
what did Mahler's treatment focus on?
helping people identify which beliefs were their own and which were introjected by important figures in their lives so that they could become their own individual self.
126
Margaret Mahler would say that....
we take on the ideals and beliefs of people close to us. Because we fear rejection, we tend to incorporate ideals of those who disapprove of us
127
what are the stages of psycho-sexual development in Freud's model?
oral stage- get satisfaction from suckin
anal- contraction and relaxation of sphincter muscles
phalac- sexual desire for parent of opposite sex
latency stage- interests directed toward school and sports
genital stage- sexual feelings for parent in adolescence are transferred onto girls youre with
128
Freud believed that fixation was a result of?
too little or too much gratification at any stage of development... too little nipple sucking could result in you being a smoker or a nail biter... orally fixated adults can become clingy just like a baby depends on mom for nourishment
129
How would Freud say that someone overcomes fixation during the phalac stage?
repressing their desires for the parent of opposite sex and identifying with the same sex parent
130
what would Freud say happens if you fail to resolve conflict in the phalac stage?
It is likely that you will reject the traditional roles of your gender and lead to homosexuality
131
Freud focused more on ______ while other psychoanalysts that followed placed greater emphasis on ______
sexual, aggressive drives
social influences
132
who is associated with behavioral perspective?
Ivan Pavlov
133
who is the "father of behaviorism"?
John B Watson
134
the behavioral perspective focuses on
the role of learning to explain normal/abnormal behavior
135
a behaviorist or someone that believes in the learning based model would likely say
that our behavior is a result of our genetics and environment we grew up in
136
Freud, Watson and Skinner would all agree that
we have no personal freedom, choice or self direction
137
Behaviorists focus on these 2 forms of learning that shape normal or abnormal behavior
classical conditioning & operant conditioning
138
Pavlov's dog experiment is an example of what kind of conditioning?
classical
139
more complex behaviors are said to be learned through _____ according to Skiiner
operant conditioning
140
operant conditioning involves _____ and ______ to curb behavior
reinforcements and punishments
141
negative reinforcements
increase behaviors when the item is removed
142
picking up a baby to stop it from crying is an example of what kind of operant conditioning?
negative reinforcement - the behavior is picking up the baby and it is negatively reinforced (made stronger) because it removes the negative reinforcer (crying baby)
143
the difference between social cognitive theory and psychodynamic/behaviorism models is...
in the social cognitive model, conscious thought is involved.. in the other two models there is only action based on unconscious processes
144
modeling in the learning based model means
learning by observation
145
which social-cognitive theorist came up with locus of control and what does it mean?
Julian Rotter- if the source of reinforcement is internal or external
146
what are the two models under sociocultural/biopsychosocial model?
Interactional
| Reciprocal gene
147
who were the main homies that believed in the Humanistic models?
Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow
148
which model posits that humans can make conscious choices to bring meaning to their lives?
Humanistic
149
which model emphasizes that awareness of our true feelings and genuine needs leads to self actualization?
humanistic
150
operating under the humanistic approach, a clinician would seek to _____
understand the subjective experiences of the patient to see how they view their world
151
Carl Rogers would say what about the cause of mental illness?
didnt think it was real... peoples struggles come from caring about how others view them. Conditional love leads people to act in a way that is not true to there real self
152
What would Rogers say is the way to grow as an individual?
Unconditional positive regard- if someone accepts you for how/what you are, so will you and then you can blossom, king
153
what is the reason that we become anxious according to Carl Rogers?
we sense that our feelings/ideas are inconsistent with the way we are "supposed to be"
154
What type of therapy did Rogers create? and what was the goal?
client centered/ person centered therapy... accepting thyself ,getting in touch with our true feelings and acting in a manner that reflects these feelings
155
what are the steps to self actualization in Maslow's model?
physiological, safety, love/belonging/esteem
156
Maslow would say that
you cannot move up the to to the top of the hierarchy of needs until your lower needs are met
157
What is the basis of the cognitive models?
thoughts, beliefs, expectations and attitudes impact behaviors
158
Cognitive theorists would say...
emotional states are determined by how we view the events of our lives, not the events themselves
159
what is the main difference between the social cognitive model and the cognitive model?
social cognitive focuses how we process information given to us by others
160
Albert Ellis would say that the reason you are anxious/depressed is ____
not the event but how you interpret the event
161
The ABC model was created by who and what is it?
Albert Ellis - Activating event (getting fired), Belief (thinking that that job was very important to you, youll starve), leads to the Consequence (emotional distress)
162
Albert Ellis would say that the way to get over emotional distress is to
recognizing irrational beliefs and modifying irrational self demands
163
Aaron Beck was notable for
cognitive distortions
164
what are the 4 cognitive distortions?
selective abstraction
overgeneralization
magnification
absolutist thinking
165
define selective abstraction
focusing exclusively on your flaws and ignoring your competencies - student focusing on one bad grade and not recognizing all the other good grades
166
define overgeneralization
overgeneralizing from a few specific incidences- I will never marry because this one girl rejected me
167
define magnification
blowing small events out of proportion- thinking that one bad test grade will ruin your life
168
define absolutist thinking
seeing the world in black and white with no grey in-betweens- thinking that a review at work that is not full of praise means they are doing terrible
169
what was Albert Ellis' therapy termed?
rational-emotive behavior therapy
170
what was Aaron Becks therapy termed? and what did it focus on?
cognitive therapy- identifying and correcting faulty ways of thinking
171
what are the 2 models nested under the biopsychosocial model?
interactional/diathesis
| reciprocal gene
172
what is the theme of the diathesis model?
a diathesis (vulnerability or predisposition) - usually genetic- interacts with a stressor (social force in the environment) leading to development of a disorder
173
what is the main theme behind the reciprocal gene model?
a genetic predisposition will make a person more likely to put themselves in high risk environments- seek them out
174
what is the point of prevention? provide examples
trying to intervene before anything happens DARE, suicide prevention
175
Define treatment
systematic interaction to overcome AB, restore functioning, solve individual problems and instill adaptive functioning/hope to prevent relapse
176
what are the ethics that must be followed in the course of treatment?
1. beneficence (do good)/nonmaleficence(do no harm)
2. establish trust/be professional
3. integrity - give accurate/honest info
4. justice- be fair/dont descriminate
5. respect rights and dignity
177
what is the main/strongest factor that contributes to success of therapy?
the connection between clinician and patient
178
what route would classic psychoanalysis take?
try to gain insight to unconscious conflicts through methods like free analysis/ dream theory and free the ego from the need to maintain defensive behaviors
179
how would a behavior therapist go about treatment generally?`
using learning techniques to directly change the problem behavior- gradual exposure, desensitization, relaxation/social skills training
180
What treatment approach would humanistic/client centered therapy follow?
increase awareness and accept inner feelings as your own- clinician provides unconditional positive regard so they can develop it for themselves
181
What would cognitive therapy look like?
modifying maladaptive thoughts by replacing them with more appropriate thoughts
182
Under Albert Ellis' therapy what would happen?
rational emotive behavior techniques- identify and challenge irrational beliefs
183
What would Aaron Beck's form of cognitive therapy look like?
identify and correct distorted/self defeating/distorted thoughts
184
what is cognitive- behavior therapy
a combo of cognitive and behavior therapies aimed at identifying and changing maladaptive behaviors and thoughts to gain self esteem and efficacy
185
what is eclectic therapy?
using different/multiple forms of therapy depending on the problems presented
186
what does ICD stand for?
International Statistical Classification of Diseases and related health problems
187
What has to be involved to be classified as a mental disorder in the DSM?
emotional distress, significant impaired functioning, or behavior that places person at risk for suffering, pain, disability
188
What are some advantages of the DSM?
designation of criteria- match symptoms with best fit of diagnosis
facilitates communication- clinicians talk about what's going on when referrals are made
aids in research- can see how use of different approaches work for different diagnoses
189
criticisms of the DSM
labeling does not identify person's level of functionality
| focusing on categorizing rather than describing peoples stregths/weaknesses- can lead to stigmatizing
190
reliability of assessment refers to what
consistency
191
what does internal consistency refer to?
all parts of the test measuring the same thing... does a test to determine depression only ask questions related to depression?
192
what is inter-rater reliability?
a test yields similar results regardless of who is the clinician
193
validity of an assessment refers to?
the accuracy. It measures what it intends to measure
194
define content validity
the content within the test measures what it's intended to
195
define criteria validity
how well a test correlates with an independent standard
196
a test that can predict future behavior shows good ____ validity which is nested under ____ validity
predictive, criteria
197
what does sensitivity of a test refer to?
the test identifies people who it is intended to identify
198
what does specificity refer to?
the test avoids classifying those without a disorder with a disorder
199
what is construct validity?
how well an assessment tests the underlying theories it purports to measure
200
reliability= _____
| validity=______
consistency
| accuracy
201
the first face to face interview.. what happems in this interview?
clinical- clinician gathers as much info as possible about the concerns of the client
202
which interview format has the lowest reliability?
unstructured- inconsistent in how each proceeds
203
which interview format follows the clients lead while still gathering essential info?
semi-structured
204
which interview format makes it hard to develop rapor with the client?
structured
205
what are benefits of a computerized interview?
sometimes client will divulge more info since theyre not face to face, its quick
206
whats the point of a psychological interview?
assist in answering unclear/confusing questions in the clinical interview
207
Intelligence tests are usually part of a _____ test
psychological test
208
which intelligence test is broken into subsets of questions to see where peoples strengths and weaknesses are?
Weschsler scales
209
objective tests ask what kind of questions to assess what?
yes/no questions to assess personality... comparing client to standardized group
210
what did Exner's system do for projective tests?
standardized how to interpret ink blot tests
211
what is a thematic aperception test?
present client with ambiguous picture and have them tell a story
212
Bender Gestalt, Halsaid Riotin, Nebraska Loria are what kinds of test?
Neuropsychological
213
the halsaid riotin and nebraska loria test take a long time because
they are testing how the brain works when its fresh and when it is tired
214
Describe the Bender Gestalt test
figures on a card and client has to reproduce them
215
Where do behavioral assessments take place?
in the environment where the AB is occurring or a similar environment- or have person monitor their own behavior and self report
216
which type of assessment can involve journaling thoughts throughout the day
cognitive assessment
217
what does an EEG do?
measures brain waves tosee how brain is functioning electrically
218
what does a PET (positron emission tomography) scan do?
reads glucose levels in brain- glucose shows activity
219
what is a CT (computed tomography) scan?
brain xray- allows us to see slices of the brain and development of the structures
220
drawback of CT scan?
uses radiation
