Defining Energy

Question 1

What SDG for 2030 Agenda is to ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all?

Answer 1

SDG 7

Question 2

What is SDG 7

Answer 2

to ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all

Question 3

Define : Fossil Fuels

Answer 3

those formed over geological time from party decayed remains of plants and animals

Question 4

Why are fossil fuels considered non-renewable?

Answer 4

because they can only be replaced over considerable periods of geological time

Question 5

X3 methods of sourcing fossil fuels

Answer 5

quarrying, mining + pumping

Question 6

Define : Renewable Sources

Answer 6

sources of energy that are capable of natural regeneration on a human timescale

provide almost continuous flow of energy

Question 7

Define : Primary energy

Answer 7

energy found in natural resources

Question 8

Define : Secondary energy

Answer 8

energy that has been converted into a more convenient form (e.g electricity)

Question 9

What type of rock is coal?

Answer 9

sedimentary rock

Question 10

Energy released in Mj Kg^-1 from coal

Answer 10

14-19

Question 11

Advantage of coal

Answer 11

cheap due to abundance

Question 12

Environmental damage of coal X3 points

Answer 12

mass CO2 and sulphur released

largely not efficient per unit of CO2

carbon capture technology unproven and $$$

Question 13

Social concern over coal X2

Answer 13

• mining safety concerns

- HICs reputation - coal seen as increasingly dirty

Question 14

Where is natural gas found?

Answer 14

underground

Question 15

Energy released in Mj Kg^-1 from natural gas

Answer 15

50

Question 16

What is happening with China and its coal usage?

Answer 16

previously building power stations at rate of 1 per week

although slowing down after first ‘red alert’ in December 2015

Question 17

What country banned shale gas exploitation in 2010?

Answer 17

France

Question 18

What is a concern with developing shale gas?

Answer 18

in terms of water supply

Question 19

What is a disadvantage with natural gas in terms of social and security?

Answer 19

$$$

concerns over security of supply (e.g Russia)

Question 20

Advantage of natural gas

Answer 20

cleanest of fossil fuels

Question 21

Nuclear fission involves what process;

Answer 21

division of heavy nuclear into x2

Question 22

In nuclear fission energy is converted into what form, what happens to provide electricity?

Answer 22

energy converted into heat

steam drives turbines

Question 23

Energy released in Mj Kg^-1 from nuclear fission

Answer 23

88million

Question 24

Environmental position of nuclear fission

Answer 24

no emissions

Question 25

Social concern with nuclear energy | = limited social acceptance

Answer 25

health accidents e.g Chernobyl $$$ to build and decommission disposal of raw material

Question 26

Energy released in Mj Kg^-1 from crude oil

Answer 26

47

Question 27

what has happened to crude oil supplies

Answer 27

have reached, or very close to, reaching peak

Question 28

what X2 products does crude oil produce when burnt

Answer 28

releases carbon dioxide + sulphur dioxide (acid rain)

Question 29

Solar energy can be harnessed from what type of cells?

Answer 29

photovoltaic

Question 30

disadvantage of solar energy harnessed by photovoltaic cells (x2)

Answer 30

distribution and availability varies spatially / temporally photovoltaic tech more expensive than fossil fuels

Question 31

X2 disadvantages of harnessing energy from oceans

Answer 31

only suitable to generate at certain locations large devices needed since oceans have low energy densities

Question 32

wind energy is related to and caused by what?

Answer 32

related to solar activity which causes differences in atmosphere / pressure temperature

Question 33

X4 issues related to wind generation

Answer 33

NIMBY issues needs subsidies to make economical for consumers only certain locations viable not constantly reliable - difficult to power a grid without back up

Question 34

What can combat NIMBY in relation to wind generation?

Answer 34

offshore turbines | although these are more $$$

Question 35

Biomass can take multiple forms, name X3;

Answer 35

- bioethanol / biodiesel - biogas - solid biomass

Question 36

Is biomass carbon neutral?

Answer 36

it is in that it is recyclable however not in the full life-cycle of its transportation and processing

Question 37

What type of issues can the use of maize as biomass bring up?

Answer 37

food shortage issues

Question 38

What is an issue with the amount of energy released by biomass?

Answer 38

low energy density | 6-17 Mj Kg^-1

Question 39

X2 advantages of biomass

Answer 39

act as carbon sink competes with oil in cheapness

Question 40

Hydrological energy is harnessed from what?

Answer 40

the movement of water owing to gravity

Question 41

How is hydrological energy harnessed?

Answer 41

'Head' of water stored | then released to drive turbines

Question 42

Disadvantages X3 of hydrological energy

Answer 42

- $$$ - environmental impacts of building dams - small micro-hydro plants often not viable

Question 43

Geothermal energy can be trapped as X2

Answer 43

hot water / steam hot dry rock energy

Question 44

Disadvantage of geothermal energy

Answer 44

availability limited to a few locations | e.g Philippines / Iceland

Question 45

What is the largest consumer of primary energy?

Answer 45

electricity

Question 46

# Define : technocentric Define : technophobe / luddite

Answer 46

Technocentric : individual with absolute faith in tech, believes humans have control over nature akin to Boserup Technophobe / luddite : dislikes / is afraid of new technology actively seeks to avoid it believes tech is a threat to jobs