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biology paper 2 > definitely in exam mix! > Flashcards

definitely in exam mix! Flashcards

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1
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

the regulation of internal conditions of a cell or organism to maintain optimum conditions for function in response to internal and external changes

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2
Q

What 3 things does homeostasis control?

A
  • blood glucose concentration
  • body temperature
  • water levels
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3
Q

what do receptors do and what is one example?

A
  • detect stimuli (a change in environment)

- skin cells

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4
Q

what do coordination centres do?

name 3 coordination centres

A
  • receive and process information from the receptors

- the brain, spinal cord, pancreas

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5
Q

what do effectors do?

what 2 things in the body are effectors?

A

bring about responses which optimise levels

muscles and glands

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6
Q

how did Carl Linnaeus classify animals in the 1700’s?

A 
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
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7
Q

Homo sapiens is a binomial name what 2 classifications does it include

A

Genus - homo

Species- sapiens

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8
Q

Why has classification improved?

2 marks

A

-improved microscope technology
(with more detail in internal structures)
- better understanding of biochemical processes (DNA)
(because of chemical analysis)

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9
Q

How do we classify now (Carl Woese’s system)

A 
Into domains 
There are 3 types:
- Archaea (primitive bacteria)
- Bacteria
-Eukaryota ( protists, fungi, animals, plants, kingdom, phylum)
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10
Q

biotic factors

A

the living parts of an environment that have a major impact on the other living parts

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11
Q

abiotic factors

A

non-living parts of the environment that affect the living parts

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12
Q

List 4 biotic factors

A
  1. competition
  2. predators
  3. pathogens
  4. availability of food
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13
Q

List 6 abiotic factors

A
  1. light intensity
  2. temperature
  3. soil pH
  4. moisture levels
  5. wind intensity
  6. carbon dioxide levels
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14
Q

define adaptations

A

features of an organism which allows them to survive, compete, be successful

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15
Q

list 4 things plants compete for

A
  1. water
  2. nutrients
  3. space
  4. sunlight
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16
Q

list 5 things animals compete for

A
  1. mates
  2. food
  3. territory
  4. water
  5. shelter
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17
Q

What 3 things can adaptations be broken down into

A
  1. Structural
  2. Behavioural
  3. Functional
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18
Q

Are these functional, structural, behavioural??

  1. sweating
  2. feet with large surface area
  3. sharp teeth
  4. migrating to warmer climates
  5. increasing metabolic rate
  6. penguins huddling together
A
  1. functional
  2. structural
  3. structural
  4. behavioural
  5. functional
  6. behavioural
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19
Q

define ecosystem

A

the interaction of a community of biotic factors with abiotic factors of their environment

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20
Q

define species

A

group of organisms which can reproduce to produce fertile offspring

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21
Q

define interdependence

A

1 organism relies on another

e.g: for food

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22
Q

what are the 6 parts of a food web

A 
- producer
primary consumer
- secondary consumer
- tertiary consumer
- apex predator 
- decomposer
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23
Q

define intraspecific

Study These Flashcards
A

competition between individuals of the same species

24
Q

define interspecific

Study These Flashcards
A

competition between individuals of different species

25
define habitat
place where an organism lives
26
define population
all of the organisms of a particular species that live in that habitat
27
define community
all the populations of different species that live together in a habitat
28
define competition
an interaction between organisms or species in which they both try to use the same limited resources
29
define stable community
all the species and environmental factors are in balance so that population sizes remain fairly constant
30
Explain the carbon cycle
- plants and animals release CO2 when we respire - plants take in CO2 during photosynthesis - when plants and animals die during the decay process they are eaten by micro organisms which releases the carbon in their cells - animals eat plants releasing the carbon they stored
31
What are the 3 kinds of pollution and what are their sources?
water - from sewage, fertiliser, toxic chemicals air - from smoke, acidic gases land - landfill, toxic chemicals
32
What affects is an increased global population having?
increased global population increased use of earth's resource therefore increased waste material as a result = increased pollution
33
define water pollution
the pollution of water by sewage, chemicals, fertilisers
34
define air pollution
the pollution of air by burning fossil fuels, cattle farming (when cows fart they release methane)
35
define land pollution
the pollution of land by humans by building on land, modifying environments for agriculture, extracting minerals
36
what is global warming
this increase in earth's temperature leads to climate change
37
what is an increase in greenhouse gases caused by?
- cattle farming (methane) | - burning fossil fuels and deforestation (carbon dioxide)
38
What is deforestation and what are the implications of it?
- large scale removal of forests so less CO2 is absorbed but also when these trees are burnt it releases CO2 it also causes mass destruction of habitat having a negative impact on biodiversity
39
What are the consequences of global warming?
- droughts - flooding (due to increased sea levels because of melting ice caps) _ decreased biodiversity ( due to habitat loss and this puts more animals at risk of extinction) - increased diseases (malaria- will be hotter so these mosquitoes may migrate to here and thrive in our climate)
40
define deforestation
large scale removal of forests
41
why do we deforest?
- clear land for farming (raise cattle, plant other crops, biofuels) - logging (use wood to build things, burn for fuel) - mining (quarrying)
42
the problems of deforestation
- more carbon dioxide in the atmosphere (which contributes to global warming) - burn the trees (releases more carbon dioxide but also the smoke can suffocate animals and pollute towns - reduces biodiversity in area (puts animals at risk of extinction)
43
what is the soil like in peat bogs?
acidic and waterlogged
44
when peat bogs are drained for farmland what happens to the soil
because there is now no water so air and oxygen can go into the peat allowing micro-organisms to respire aerobically and decompose the organic matter which releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere which is a greenhouse gas and contributes to global warming
45
what do we use peat for? (2 marks)
- fuel | - compost in our gardens
46
Do peat bogs decay organic matter more or less than normal soils?
less
47
as the bars get smaller in a biomass pyramid what is happening to the total mass of the organisms ?
it is decreasing
48
what do pyramids of biomass show?
the biomass of each tropic level in a food chain
49
why is only 10% of the biomass and energy passed on? (3 marks)
- organisms don't eat every part -the bit they do eat might not be absorbed and may be egested as faeces - some absorbed material is lost as waste like urea in urine and carbon dioxide + water in respiration - most of the nutrients animals do absorb are used to release energy through respiration (- large amounts of glucose are lost during respiration) (biomass is released as waste products e.g: carbon dioxide and urea)
50
how to calculate the efficiency of biomass transfer
efficiency= biomass transferred to next level ------------------------------------------------------- biomass available at the previous level x100
51
define a stable community
all the species environmental factors are balanced so population sizes remain fairly constant
52
define interdependence
if one species is removed it will affect the whole community
53
explain the water cycle (6 marks)
- the sun heats up the surface of the water causing it to evaporate ( from rivers, oceans) - the transpiration from plants releases water vapour into the air - the moist air cools as it rises causing it to condense forming cumulonimbus clouds - as the water droplets in the clouds get bigger and heavier they start to fall as rain, hail, sleet, snow ( the 4 forms of precipitation)
54
what do decomposers and detritivores do?
decompose the dead animal and plant matter in the environment
55
What do the arrows in a food chain show?
The transfer of energy & biomass
56
``` define extremophiles (2 marks) ```
microorganisms like archaea and bacteria that are adapted to live in extreme environments where there is high temperature, pressure, or salt concentration

biology paper 2 (25 decks)

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