Definition #1 Quiz ( Chapter 2)

Question 1

The 6 steps to scientific method / how to analyze your test results :

Answer 1

1) define problem
2) gather relevant data
3) formulate a hypothesis
4) test your hypothesis
5) analyze test results = ( survey , observation , experiment, existing sources )
6) présent a conclusion

Question 2

Operational definition

Answer 2

Is the complete specific and descriptive process that will take place when performing as investigation

Question 3

Causal logic :

Answer 3

The relationship between a condition or variable and a particular consequence with one event leading to the other

• changes in one variable when mesures directly causes changes in the other *

Question 4

Correlation

Answer 4

A relationship between two or more variables in which a change in one coincides with a change in the other

Question 5

Independent variable

Answer 5

To cause or to influence another

Question 6

Dépendant variable:

Answer 6

Subject that is influenced by another variable

Question 7

Variable:

Answer 7

Mesurable trait that changes when in different conditions

Question 8

Reliability:

Answer 8

Produces consistent results

Question 9

Mode :

Answer 9

Value that repeats itself for that is most common

Question 10

Sample

Answer 10

Statiscal representation of the population

Question 11

Random sample :

Answer 11

EVERY MEMBER of entire population has chance of being chosen

Question 12

Interview :

Answer 12

Face to face
Telephone questioning
Or respondents to obtain desired information

Question 13

Ethnography :

Answer 13

The study of entire social environment though extending systematic observation

Question 14

Secondary analysis :

Answer 14

the re- analysis of quantitative or qualitative data already collected in a previous study by different researcher other researchers

Question 15

Quantitative research

Answer 15

Research that collects / reports data in numerical form

Question 16

Hawthorne effect / observer effect :

Answer 16

People will unintentionally modify their behavior simply because they are being watched

Question 17

Control group

Answer 17

The group in an experiment that does not receive treatment by researchers

• used as bench mark to measure how the other tested subjects do *

Question 18

Value neutrality

Answer 18

Max w(v)ebers term for objectivity of sociologist in the interpretation of data

Question 19

How do we know the things we know ?

Through ..:

Answer 19

1) personal experience
2) discovering things for ourselves
3) tradition : “ how things have always been “
4) religion
5) science ( using controlled systematic research)

Question 20

Question :What is sociology ?

Answer 20

Question What is sociology ?

Answer : scientific study of human behavior

Question 21

Question: How is sociology considered a scientific study ? ( 2 reasons) :

Answer 21

Question How is sociology considered a scientific study ? :
Answer : 1) because we use
statistics
2) we conduct surveys

Question 22

Question : name three issues that sociologist study :

Answer 22

Question : name three issues that sociologist study :
Answer :
-racism 
- government 
-religion

Question 23

Question : list 4 examples social categories ( also called = demographics) :

Answer 23

Question : list 4 examples   social categories ( also called = demographics) : 
Answer : 
-race 
- age 
- gender 
- language

Question 24

Question : What do. Sociologist look into : ( name4 )

Answer 24

What do sociologist look into :
Answer :

1) looking at society’s norms/ rules
2) looking at how society is socially constructed
3 )how individual behavior can be shaped by or influenced by groups

4) which groups do we belong to

Question 25

What does The sociological perspective study ?:

Answer 25

What does the sociological perspective study ? Answer : the sociological perspective studies the impact of social forces on human behavior

Question 26

Can comedians be sociologist? And how

Answer 26

Yes they can because some of them talk about social issues in a micro and macro scale as well as some of them may use statistics when making there statements

Question 27

What does SOCIAL IMAGINATION mean : What does social imagination need to differ from : What is C . Wreigh Mills’s ( 1959 ) known for :

Answer 27

What does SOCIAL IMAGINATION mean : social imagination means - thinking outside the box - debunking myths and stereotypes -to not blame the individual - ability to understand the dynamic between larger «  SOCIAL FORCES = ( institutions) « and people’s personal lives What does social imagination need to differ from : it needs to differ from - personal troubles = micro And - social issues = macro What is C . Wreigh Mills’s ( 1959 ) known for : creator of the term “ social imagination “

Question 28

Difference between macro and micro issues : with examples

Answer 28

Macro-level sociology looks at large-scale social processes Examples of macro : such as social stability and change. Looking and analyzing institutions Micro-level sociology : looks at small-scale interactions between individuals Eaxample micro : such as conversation or group dynamics.

Question 29

What are social forces give 3 examples :

Answer 29

1) schools 2) media 3) institutions

Question 30

Case study : Durkheim and suicide : ( Emile Durkheim) Name three things that Durkheim studied ? : List the Differences between three groups : What myth was Durkheim able to debunk : What theory did Durkheim develope :

Answer 30

1) studies suicide 2) individual and psychological problems 3 ) why some groups have a higher level of suicide Diffebces between three groups : 1) looking at single people VS married 2) Looking at urban city VS A rural ( country ) 3 )looking at catholic VS. Protestant What myth was Durkheim able to debunk : he debunked the the myth that suicide is just individual What theory did Durkheim développe : Social integration is what he developed * if you’re more socially intergrated you’re less likely to commit suicide *

Question 31

What is to commit a ecological fallacy :?

Answer 31

Answer : committing ecological fallacy means to - apply group level findings to individuals - using stereotypes instead of thinking sociologically Example ; Asians in math

Question 32

List the sociologist in order :

Answer 32

1) auguste compte = father of sociology / from France 2) Emile Durkheim = from France 3) Karl Marx = German 4) max Weber = German 5) Harriet Martineau = mother of sociology/ England

Question 33

Name things all the sociologist did / believed in : ``` Harriet Martineau Karl Marx Émile Durkheim Max Weber Auguste comte ```

Answer 33

Harriet Martineau = - spoke out for women rights , - and emancipation of slaves - religious tolerance - translated Comte’s work - conducted empirical research Karl Marx= - social order - integration - worked on emphasizing importance and significance of power - Marxism = communist movement in order to unite socialist around Europe - primary problem in modern society : capitalism = opression Émile Durkheim = ( he would be a functionalist ) - *studied suicide * - saw the traditional bases of solodarity - studied how traditional and modern societies evolved and functioned - focused on religion and education Max Weber = ( believed in the “ conflict theory”) - believed in less individuality - believed that humans would become machines - value neutrality = max Weber’s term for objectivity for sociologist through the interpretation of data Auguste comte = ( hé would be a functionalist) - *father of sociology * - invented scientific method called positivism = using surveys / statistics / interviews - wanted to replace church with sociologist - wanted to use science to teach people how to behave

Question 34

Name the 4 theories and identify if it’s macro or micro ;

Answer 34

1 ) functionalism = macro looking at big issues analyzing institutions 2) conflict = macro theory looking at big issues and analyzing institutions 3) symbolic interactionist = micro theory 4) feminism = both micro and macro

Question 35

Definition on the 4 theories : #1) Topic : Functionalism ( Durkheim ) What does functionalism look at ? What is an EQUILIBRIUM / balance : What does disruption create : What does having the same values do to a society : What are the two functions of a social systems give an example for both :

Answer 35

Functionalism: looks at - « what is the purpose «  - does not like Change What is an EQUILIBRIUM / balance : social systems unchanged if functioning What does disruption create : disruption creates dis function What does having the same values do to a society : having the same values stabilizes a society What are the two functions of a social systems give an example for both : 1) manifest = that is obvious - example going to school to learn 2) latent = that is hidden - example = going to school in order to keep teens off the street

Question 36

Définition of 4 theories : #2) Topic : Conflict theory What kind of issue is conflict theory micro or macro ? Based on who ? Who struggles for the three basic ressources ? What does conflict theory look into ? ( 3 answers ) What are the 3 p’s

Answer 36

``` What kind of issue is conflict theory micro or macro ? Answer: macro based on Karl Marx because he focused on class inequality ``` Who struggles for the three basic ressources ? Answer : individuals and groups ``` What are the three p’s : Answer : - power - property - prestige = status ``` ``` What does conflict theory look into ? Answer : -looks at inequality - and classism - It wants change = because it’s the only way people can gain rights ```

Question 37

Définition of 4 theories : #3) Topic symbolic interactions : Is symbolic interactions considered micro or macro ? :? 3 things symbolic interaction look into :? Answer :

Answer 37

Is symbolic interactions considered micro or macro ? :? Answer : micro ``` 3 things symbolic interaction look into :? Answer : - religious symbols - gender symbols - symbols and interactions ```

Question 38

Definition of 4 theories : #4) Topic : feminism Would feminism be considered micro or macro? Between who does feminism create links with ? What does feminism focus on : Definition of ANDROCENTRIC : Intersectionality , who’s issues does it address : Intersectionality is micro for who ? Intersectionality is macro for who ?

Answer 38

Would feminism be considered micro or macro? Answer : micro and macro because it looks at all inequalities Between who does feminism create links with ? Answer : statuses What does feminism focus on : Answer : focused on unequal power relations Intersectionality , who’s issues does it address : - addresss the issues that affect people of color Intersectionality is micro for who ? Intersectionality is macro for who ? Answer : Macro = for the whole population of people of color ``` Micro = for individuals of color Example = during interviews ``` Définition of ANDROCENTRIC : Answer : having a male bias

Question 39

Norms are broken up to two sub categories : folkways and Mores Folkways : definition / examples Mores : definition/ examples

Answer 39

``` Folkways : - informal norms laid back not strict - suggestive way of behavior - no severe condemnation Examples : screaming , walking on the wrong side , throwing trash on the floor ``` Mors: you have to follow them , or there will be severe consequences -very important norms -strong moral condemnation Examples : cheating , killing , stealing

Question 40

What is culture ; Exemples of shared symbols in culture : How is culture transmitted :

Answer 40

Culture : defines values and beliefs learned through interactions and shared symbols Examples of shared symbols in culture = names , sports , flags. , language ``` How is culture transmited : Transmited to each generation - stories - artifacts - old jewelry ```

Question 41

2 segments of culture: Material culture ; Non material culture:

Answer 41

Material culture : things you can touch physical objects Non material culture: - abstract components Example= values and normes Can’t touch it

Question 42

Values and normes what’s the difference:

Answer 42

Values ( what we believe as an individual) : beliefs about behavior - right from wrong Examples of values : family first, education means success Norms ( what society expects us to do ): what society / group / person = expects - rules and expectations = the way to behave - society guides our behavior

Question 43

Symbolic interactions:

Answer 43

Symbolic interactions: that there is no right or wrong, just meanings we give to symbols

Question 44

What does deductive reasoning start with ?

Answer 44

Theory

Question 45

Who questioned commonly held beliefs and argued that high suicide rates were characteristic of large-scale societal problems?

Answer 45

Durkheim

Question 46

Empirical evidence :

Answer 46

is information acquired by observation or experimentation. Scientists record and analyze this data.

Question 47

Durkheim ‘s theory was

Answer 47

Functionalism = the division of labor and anomie

Question 48

How did Durkheim debunk the myth of suicide being the outcome of individual

Answer 48

he looked at factors that are external to the person who is suicidal including social norms, values, societies control, anything that could effect the person