Definition

Question 1

Pharmacology

Answer 1

The study of how the drug effects the function of a living system

Question 2

Pharmacokinetics

Answer 2

How the body process the drug from administration to elimination

Question 3

4 stages of pharmacokinetics

Answer 3

1. Absorption
2. Distribution
3. Metabolism
4. Excretion

Question 4

Absorption

Answer 4

Movement of drug into the body to affect a targeted area

Question 5

What can 3 things can affect absorption

Answer 5

1. Route of administration
2. Particle size
3. Solubility

Question 6

First pass

Answer 6

the metabolism of a drug by the liver mainly in oral medications before it reaches systemic circulation

Question 7

First pass system

Answer 7

Pass through the throat 
Broken down by stomach & small intestines 
Goes to hepatic portal vein 
Pass through the liver 
Liver metabolism the drug 
Enters the systemic circulation

Question 8

Distribution

Answer 8

The process of dissemination of a drug throughout the fluids and tissues of the body

Question 9

Fat soluble drugs

Answer 9

Concentrate in lipids and days of the body

Question 10

Water soluble drugs

Answer 10

Concentrate in the fluids of the body

Question 11

Affects that affect distribution

Answer 11

1. Drugs don’t distribute equally

2. Some tissues and membranes are less accessible than others

Question 12

Metabolism

Answer 12

Changing the chemical structure of the drug by the body making it easier to excrete

Question 13

Excretion

Answer 13

Physical removal of a drug or metabolites from the body

Question 14

Routes of excretion

Answer 14

1. Urine
2. Faeces
3. Sweat
4. Expired Air
5. Bile

Question 15

Factors that affect excretion

Answer 15

As excretion is done by the kidneys of a patient has kidney damage or failure this will affect the body’s ability to excrete the drug which cause drug toxicity

Question 16

Bioavailability

Answer 16

The % of a drug that is absorbed into systemic circulation

Question 17

Bioavailability of IV

Answer 17

100% as the drug enters directly into the systemic circulation

Question 18

Bioavailability of PO

Answer 18

Depends on how much as the liver metabolised before entering systemic circulation

Question 19

Factors that affect bioavailability

Answer 19

1. Degradation of the gastric acid
2. First pass effect
3. Bioequivalent ( no matter the route the bioavailability of that drug is still the same )

Question 20

Therapeutic Range

Answer 20

is the level of blood plasma concentration that is within the desired range for a therapeutic effect

Question 21

Factors that affects therapeutic range

Answer 21

Age

Question 22

Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (TDM)

Answer 22

involves measuring drug concentration in the blood to compare the results to a predefined window of serum concentration that are considered optimal for efficacy and safety of the drug.

Question 23

Half life

Answer 23

the time it takes for the amount of drug in the plasma to reduce by half

Question 24

Peak Plasma Concentration

Answer 24

the time it takes for a drug to reach its maximum effectiveness by checking the plasma in the blood

Question 25

Factors that can affect PPC

Answer 25

the route of drug administration IV faster than PO

Question 26

Pharmacodynamics

Answer 26

How the drug affects the body Eg : clinical effects

Question 27

Drugs

Answer 27

are substances that produce a biological response in a living organism

Question 28

Medicine

Answer 28

are chemical preparation that contain drugs formulated to produce a therapeutic response

Question 29

Adverse Drug Event (ADE)

Answer 29

any untoward medical occurrence that may present during treatment with a pharmaceutical product which doesn’t have a causal relationship with this treatment

Question 30

Adverse Drug Reaction (ADR)

Answer 30

an adverse event which is unintended and occurs after a normal therapeutic does has been administered

Question 31

Type A

Answer 31

Augment Pharmacologically predictable| common Dose related Reduce dose = reduce reaction Eg: drowsiness to anti-histamine

Question 32

Type B

Answer 32

Bizarre Pharmacologically unpredictable | Rare Not dose related Need to stop the drug immediately Eg: anaphylaxis to penicillin

Question 33

Type C

Answer 33

Chronic Dose & Time related Uncommon Related to cumulative dose Eg: osteonecrosis of the jaw from alendronate

Question 34

Type D

Answer 34

Delayed Time related Uncommon Usually dose related Occurs some time after the use of the drug Eg: teratogenic effect after thalidomide

Question 35

Type E

Answer 35

End of Treatment Uncommon Occurs after the withdrawal of a drug Eg: withdrawal symptoms from opiates

Question 36

Patients at risk of a ADR

Answer 36

``` Young Children Older adults Pregnant women Poly-pharmacy Ethnicity ```

Question 37

Identifying a ADR

Answer 37

1. Nature of the drug 2. Clinical presentation (symptoms) 3. Timescale 4. Result from dose reduction / stopping 5. Dose changes (up or down) 4. Starting & stopping other therapies