DEFINITIONS

Question 1

Apoptosis

Answer 1

Programmed cell suicide

Question 2

Necrosis

Answer 2

Uncontrolled cell death

Question 3

Embryo-genesis

Answer 3

the development of an embryo

Question 4

Ischemia

Answer 4

lack of blood supply

Question 5

Hypoxia

Answer 5

lack of oxygen

Question 6

Hyopaemia

Answer 6

lack of oxygen in he blood

Question 7

Autophagy

Answer 7

decreased cell size by eating itself, can recover as cells can get big again (including permanent cells)

Question 8

Hypertrophy

Answer 8

Increased cell size contributing to enlargement of overall tissue/organ. can be reversible

Question 9

Hyperplasia

Answer 9

abnormally increased rate of cell division or failure of apoptosis, results in tissue/organ getting bigger. is reversible. Permanent cells cannot undergo hyperplasia.

Question 10

Metaplasia

Answer 10

The active change from one normal, well-differentiated cell type to a different normal well-differentiated cell type typically in response to a change in the cellular environment or the application of stress. Metaplasia is reversible if the environment changes or the stress is removed. Increases the risk of mutation and cancer

Question 11

Dysplasia

Answer 11

the presence of abnormal cells in a tissue/organ

Question 12

Labile Cells

Answer 12

continuously dividing

• some epithelial
• haemopoietic stem cells

Question 13

Stable Cells

Answer 13

Quiescent

• some epithelial
• smooth muscle, fibroblasts, endothelial cells

Question 14

Permanent Cells

Answer 14

non-dividing

• cardiac & skeletal myocytes
• CNS neurons

Question 15

Neoplasia

Answer 15

the uncontrolled, new abnormal growth of cells or tissues in the body

Question 16

Tumour

Answer 16

Abnormal growth

Question 17

Malignancy

Answer 17

potentially life threatening

Question 18

Benign

Answer 18

Won’t kill us unless its in the brain

Question 19

Carcinoma-in-situ

Answer 19

epithelial malignancy that is yet to break through the basement membrane. before it has metastasised

Question 20

metastasis/metastasize

Answer 20

infiltrate, invade, destroy surrounding tissue. Cancer cells moving to another site. A sub-population of the cells is able to break away and travel and set up secondary sites in other locations

Question 21

Benign

Answer 21

friendly/non-threatening

Question 22

Malignant

Answer 22

Potentially life threatening

Question 23

Hyperaemia

Answer 23

active build up of blood

Question 24

Oedema

Answer 24

swelling caused by excess fluid trapped in body’s tissues.

Question 25

Oedema - Exudate

Answer 25

Inflammatory extra vascular fluid with high protein concentration

Question 26

Oedema - Transudate

Answer 26

Extra-vascular fluid with low protein concentration

Question 27

Resolution

Answer 27

Healing without scarring, restoration or normal architecture & function

Question 28

Organization

Answer 28

Healing with scarring, replacement with scar tissue. Possible following acute inflammation, inevitable following chronic

Question 29

Abscess

Answer 29

localized area of trapped pus

Question 30

Congestion

Answer 30

Passive build up of blood within a vessel which increases hydro-static pressure

Question 31

Effusion

Answer 31

Increased fluid in a body cavity

Question 32

Thrombus

Answer 32

Blood clot attached to the wall of a vessel or heart chamber

Question 33

Embolus

Answer 33

Anything undissolved traveling in the blood

Question 34

Aneurysm

Answer 34

Localized abnormal ballooning out or dilation of part of a vessel/ventricle wall

Question 35

Atheroma

Answer 35

Sclerotic plaque which represents an ares of chronic inflammation within the wall of an artery

Question 36

Undifferentiated

Answer 36

no longer expressing proteins that tell us what the original cell type is

Question 37

Well/Highly Differentiated

Answer 37

expressing proteins that tells us what cell it is

Question 38

Cytology

Answer 38

study of cells

Question 39

Histology

Answer 39

study of tissues

Question 40

Chronic

Answer 40

long duration

Question 41

acute

Answer 41

sudden onset or sudden severe

Question 42

reperfusion

Answer 42

restoration of blood following a period of ischaemia

Question 43

aerobic

Answer 43

with oxygen

Question 44

Anaerobic

Answer 44

withoutu oxygem

Question 45

Active

Answer 45

requires energy (ATP)

Question 46

Passive

Answer 46

does not require energy (ATP)

Question 47

Physiology Processes

Answer 47

the ways in which organ systems, organs, tissues, cells, and biomolecules work together to accomplish the complex goal of sustaining life

Question 48

Pathological Processes

Answer 48

an organic process occurring as a consequence of disease

Question 49

Senescence

Answer 49

aging cells

Question 50

Proliferation

Answer 50

An increase in the number of cells as a result of cell growth and cell division.