Definitions

Question 1

Capital

Answer 1

The city or town that functions as the seat of government and administrative centre of a country or region.

Question 2

Cottage Industry

Answer 2

A business or manufacturing activity carried on in people’s homes.

Question 3

Enclosed system

Answer 3

Enclosed system means any system of pipes, or storage or processing vessels, that is enclosed so that persons cannot readily see what substances are contained in the pipes or vessels

Question 4

Entrepreneur

Answer 4

A person who sets up a business or businesses, taking on financial risks in the hope of profit.

Question 5

Fallow

Answer 5

Farmland ploughed and harrowed but left for a period without being sown in order to restore its fertility or to avoid surplus production.

Question 6

Mass Production

Answer 6

The production of large quantities of a standardized article by an automated mechanical process.

Question 7

Open field system

Answer 7

the traditional medieval system of farming in England, in which land was divided into strips and managed by an individual only in the growing season, being available to the community for grazing animals during the rest of the year.

Question 8

Turiffs

Answer 8

Turriff is a town and civil parish in Aberdeenshire in Scotland. It lies on the River Deveron, about 166 feet above sea level, and has a population of 5,708.

Question 9

Village common

Answer 9

A village green is a common open area within a village or other settlement. Historically, a village green was common grassland with a pond for watering cattle and other stock, often at the edge of a rural settlement, used for gathering cattle to bring them later on to a common land for grazing.

Question 10

What is innovation?

Answer 10

Innovation is the practical implementation of ideas that result in the introduction of new goods or services or improvement in offering goods or services

Question 11

Factory

Answer 11

a building or group of buildings where goods are manufactured or assembled chiefly by machine.

Question 12

industrial city

Answer 12

An industrial city or industrial town is a town or city in which the municipal economy, at least historically, is centered around industry, with important factories or other production facilities in the town.

Question 13

child labour

Answer 13

the employment of children in an industry or business, especially when illegal or considered exploitative.

Question 14

living conditions

Answer 14

the circumstances affecting the way in which people live, especially with regard to their well-being.

Question 15

change and continuity

Answer 15

Change and continuity is a classic dichotomy within the fields of history, historical sociology, and the social sciences more broadly. The question of change and continuity is considered a classic discussion in the study of historical developments.

Question 16

cause and effect

Answer 16

a relationship between actions or events in which at least one action or event is a direct result of the others

Question 17

Socialism

Answer 17

a political and economic theory of social organization which advocates that the means of production, distribution, and exchange should be owned or regulated by the community as a whole.

Question 18

Capitalism

Answer 18

an economic and political system in which a country’s trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit.

Question 19

Trade unions

Answer 19

an organized association of workers in a trade, group of trades, or profession, formed to protect and further their rights and interests.

Question 20

welfare states

Answer 20

a system whereby the state undertakes to protect the health and well-being of its citizens, especially those in financial or social need, by means of grants, pensions, and other benefits.

Question 21

chartism

Answer 21

a UK parliamentary reform movement of 1837–48, the principles of which were set out in a manifesto called The People’s Charter and called for universal suffrage for men, equal electoral districts, voting by secret ballot, abolition of property qualifications for MPs, and annual general elections.

Question 22

fabians

Answer 22

a member or supporter of the Fabian Society, an organization of socialists aiming to achieve socialism by gradual rather than revolutionary means.

Question 23

co-opertaive movement

Answer 23

a movement originating in the industrial areas of northern England and Scotland in the late 18th century, based on the belief that industries and commercial concerns should be owned and controlled by the people working in them, for joint economic benefit.

Question 24

The communist manifesto

Answer 24

The Communist Manifesto summarises Marx and Engels’ theories concerning the nature of society and politics

Question 25

marxism

Answer 25

the political and economic theories of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, later developed by their followers to form the basis of communism.

Question 26

eight hour day

Answer 26

The eight-hour day had first been proposed by Robert Owen in 1817 at his socialist community in New Lanark, Scotland. The sentiments of the movement were captured by the slogan, ‘Eight hours labour, eight hours recreation, eight hours rest’.

Question 27

ALP

Question 28

laissez-faire

Answer 28

the policy of leaving things to take their own course, without interfering.

Question 29

proletariat

Answer 29

working-class people regarded collectively (often used with reference to Marxism).

Question 30

bourgeoisie

Answer 30

the middle class, typically with reference to its perceived materialistic values or conventional attitudes.

Question 31

Cheap Labor

Answer 31

When a person works hard for relatively little money

Question 32

Transport System

Answer 32

the combination of elements and their interactions, which produce the demand for travel within a given area and the supply of transportation services to satisfy this demand.

Question 33

Expanding Empire

Answer 33

states obtaining greater territory through military empire-building or colonialism.

Question 34

What is Change and Continuity

Answer 34

aspects of life or of a society that have remained the same or aspects that have changed or developed over time.

Question 35

Utopian Socialism

Answer 35

socialism achieved by the moral persuasion of capitalists to surrender the means of production peacefully to the people. It was advocated by Johann Fichte and Robert Owen among others.

Question 36

Proletariat

Answer 36

working-class people regarded collectively (often used with reference to Marxism).