Definitions

Question 1

biological modifications that enhanced survival in varying challenging environments

Answer 1

adaptions

Question 2

long-term evolutionary causes of physical and behavioral characteristics

Answer 2

ultimate causes

Question 3

short-term causes of behavior, such as hormonal secretions or an unexpected loud noise

Answer 3

proximal causes

Question 4

varying observable, physical characteristics such as shape and color; these characteristics are known as ______

Answer 4

phenotypes

Question 5

rules of heridible transmission

Answer 5

alleles

Question 6

organisms with the same alleles (both dominant or recessive)

Answer 6

homozygous

Question 7

organisms with different alleles (one dominant, one recessive)

Answer 7

heterozygous

Question 8

Chromosomes are made up of

Answer 8

DNA

Question 9

the study of tissues under a microscope

Answer 9

histology

Question 10

prominent cell body

Answer 10

soma

Question 11

dendrites and axons

Answer 11

extend from the soma

Question 12

most abundant type of glial cell

Answer 12

astrocytes

Question 13

bipolar neurons also called spindle cells, located in the anterior cingulate cortical area and frontoinsular cortical area

Answer 13

von Economo neuron

Question 14

____ is composed of a double layer of phospholipids, isolates the inner cell from the outer cell

Answer 14

cell membrane

Question 15

pores in the neuronal cell membrane

Answer 15

ion channels

Question 16

ion channels that open and close based on environment

Answer 16

gated ion channels

Question 17

_____ contains hydrophobic lipid tails and hydrophilic phosphate heads

Answer 17

cell membrane

Question 18

regulated by sodium and potassium ions

Answer 18

membrane potential

Question 19

make a membrane less negatively charged

Answer 19

depolarization

Question 20

make membrane more negative

Answer 20

hyperpolarization

Question 21

a membrane’s typical resting potential is _____

Answer 21

-70 millivolts

Question 22

once an action potential is set in motion, the membrane depolarizes to

Answer 22

40 millivolts

Question 23

the sodium ions are _______ meaning they open and close based on membrane potential

Answer 23

voltage gated ion channels

Question 24

jumping from one unmyelinated section of action to another

Answer 24

saltatory conduction

Question 25

the process by which a neuron communicates with another neuron or neurons across a synapse

Answer 25

synaptic transmission

Question 26

neurochemicals

Answer 26

neurotransmitters

Question 27

contains receptors for the specific neurotransmitter released by the synaptic vesicles in the presynaptic membrane

Answer 27

the postsynaptic membrane

Question 28

axon terminal aka _____

Answer 28

presynaptic terminal

Question 29

small spheres surrounding the presynaptic terminal, surrounded by membranes

Answer 29

synaptic vesicles

Question 30

the release of neurotransmitters from the vesicles is known as _____

Answer 30

exocytosis

Question 31

If the neurotransmitter–receptor binding makes the mem-brane potential depolarized (with an influx of sodium ions into the membrane), it produces an ____

Answer 31

excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)

Question 32

When a ligand binds to a metabotropic receptor, the receptor activates a protein called a

Answer 32

G-Protein

Question 33

Postsynaptic receptors that alter the membrane poten-tial immediately on binding to neurotransmitters are called

Answer 33

ionotropic receptors

Question 34

Chemicals that bind to other chemicals are known as

Answer 34

ligands

Question 35

neurotrophic factors

Answer 35

nerve growth factors

Question 36

connexons align perfectly to form a ______ where electrical currents can be exchanged between two cells

Answer 36

gap junction

Question 37

the same neurons fire when doing/observing

Answer 37

mirror neurons

Question 38

cabled axons within the CNS

Answer 38

tracts

Question 39

cabled axons extending beyond the CNS

Answer 39

nerves

Question 40

afferent nerves

Answer 40

sensory nerves

Question 41

efferent nerves

Answer 41

motor nerves

Question 42

Cranial Nerve X

Answer 42

The Vagus nerve, extends to the bodies internal organs

Question 43

Each spinal nerve travels to a distinct area of skin, or ________

Answer 43

dermatome

Question 44

_______ nervous system, generally controls voluntary movement

Answer 44

somatic nervous system

Question 45

rostral or anterior

Answer 45

towards the front or mouth

Question 46

caudal or posterior

Answer 46

towards the tail

Question 47

dorsal

Answer 47

towards the top or back

Question 48

ventral

Answer 48

towards the bottom or chest

Question 49

medial

Answer 49

towards the middle

Question 50

lateral

Answer 50

towards the side

Question 51

proximal

Answer 51

closer to the CNS

Question 52

distal

Answer 52

further from the CNS

Question 53

Medulla Oblongata (myelencephalon)

Answer 53

most ventral part of the brain

Question 54

brain bulges

Answer 54

gyri

Question 55

brain grooves

Answer 55

sulci

Question 56

the difference in function between the two hemispheres is called brain _______

Answer 56

lateralization

Question 57

glucocorticoids

Answer 57

stress hormones

Question 58

neuroethology

Answer 58

neural basis of natural responses

Question 59

mechanism in which genes can be modified by the addition of a methyl chemical compound to the cytosine nucleotide base in DNA

Answer 59

DNA methylation

Question 60

pluripotent cells (also called stem cells)

Answer 60

able to become many different kinds of cell types

Question 61

apoptosis

Answer 61

cell death

Question 62

absolute threshold

Answer 62

the lowest intensity of a stimulus that a person can detect 50% of the time

Question 63

superadditive response

Answer 63

an integrated response much stronger than any of its components

Question 64

the conversion of physical energy to neural energy

Answer 64

transduction

Question 65

a receptor in the skin that responds to touch or pressure.

Answer 65

mechanoreceptor

Question 66

the ability to sense the position, orientation, and movement of one’s own body is known as

Answer 66

proprioception