Definitions

Question 1

Environmentalism

Answer 1

a political ideology according to which the natural environment should be protected

Question 2

ideology

Answer 2

a set of values and believes

Question 3

tragedy of the commons

Answer 3

collective action problem, people think of their own interests
people don’t act to save resources that are not allocated by markets bc think so else is going to

Question 4

fractal

Answer 4

a metaphor about interactions between different systems

Question 5

turbulence

Answer 5

a situation where events, demands and support interact and change in highly variable, inconsistent, unexpected or unpredictable ways
different from crisis
potential sources: systems, patriarchy, neoliberalism, white supremacy, racial capitalism, triggers, technological innovations, env change, legislative changes, geopo conflicts, policy gaps,…

Question 6

ontology

Answer 6

theory and study of being of the nature of reality (What do we know ?, What is real?)

Question 7

epistemology

Answer 7

theory and study of knowledge (How do we know what we know?)

Question 8

positivism

Answer 8

importance of empirical observation and scientific methods in understanding the world

Question 9

reflectivism (post-positivism)

Answer 9

importance of critical self-reflection and introspection in the pursuit of knowledge

Question 10

critical theory

Answer 10

challenge + critique of existing social structures, power dynamics and forms of oppression, promotes social change and emancipation

Question 11

(neo)realism

Answer 11

states are self-interested, no global gov, global politics is determined by the “balance of power” between states

Question 12

(neo)liberalism

Answer 12

state-centric, individual rights, limited state, free markets, eco interdependence

Question 13

liberal institutionalism

Answer 13

state-centric but faith in rules, norms and institutions to shape behavior (origin of ESG)

Question 14

social constructivism

Answer 14

rejects rationalism, role of social interactions, culture and language in dev of knowledge
individuals actively construct their understanding of the world through social and cultural processes rather than absorbing objective truths

Question 15

norms

Answer 15

collective expectations for the proper behaviour of actors with a given id
collective or shared meanings and ideas

Question 16

marxism

Answer 16

critical analysis of capitalism
seeks to understand the nature of class struggle, the role of eco in society and the dynamics of historical change

Question 17

neo-gramscism

Answer 17

understand the role of ideas, culture, power, and hegemony in shaping international politics and global relations

Question 18

social structures

Answer 18

sets of social, eco and political norms and institutions, including culture and class

Question 19

hegemony

Answer 19

supremacy of a social class/ruling coalition of actors
threatened by counterhegemonic movements

Question 20

governmentality

Answer 20

the mechanisms of government
the processes/practices found inside and outside state institutions

Question 21

globalization

Answer 21

a dynamic, ongoing and accelerating process, restructuring and integrating economies, institutions and civil society
- focus on structural economic factors
- transnational actors and forces
- dynamics go beyond eco interdependence between states
- extension of colonialism

Question 22

colonization

Answer 22

a social structure and continuiting process, a practice of domination which involves the subjugation of one people to another + possession of the land

Question 23

settler colonialism

Answer 23

distinct form of colonialism, dispossession of Indigenous lands and political authority

Question 24

imperialism

Answer 24

often use synonymously with colonization, broader and more indirect means of control

Question 25

neoliberal capitalism

Answer 25

an eco system and a way of organizing relations over distance money as a social construction that flows through nature confidence in markets, minimal state intervention, private ownership

Question 26

decoupling

Answer 26

the process of separating eco growth and dev from its traditional reliance on the consumption of natural resources and the generation of env harm shift away from the idea that eco growth and env degradation are intrinsically linked

Question 27

optimism

Answer 27

assumes the best and its inevitability = leads to passivity

Question 28

hope

Answer 28

taking risks, being vulnerable to the effects of loss, recognizing the uncertainty of the future and making a commitment to try and participate in shaping it conviction that sth is worth doing no matter how it turns out

Question 29

market liberalism

Answer 29

eco growth and high per capita income = essential to human welfare + maintenance of sustainable dev globalization seen as positive because promotes eco-growth and global interaction most env problems have the potential to improve in longer term

Question 30

Institutionalism

Answer 30

need for stronger global institutions and norms, sufficient state and local capacity to constrain and direct the global political eco ensures that global eco policies work to both improve the env and raise living standards

Question 31

bioenvironmentalism

Answer 31

stresses "carrying capacity" of the Earth and how we have overstepped it blames globalization for spreading Western patterns of consumption into the dev world + seen to encourage harmful production processes in poor countries that have lower env standards

Question 32

Social greens

Answer 32

large-scale industrialism seen to encourage inequality + contributing to poverty and env degradation capitalism leads to an unequal distribution of global income, power and env problems + a threat to human survival

Question 33

rationalism

Answer 33

reasoned approach states capable of developing shared norms practices can ameliorate their condition and develop the rights of their citizens

Question 34

English School

Answer 34

a reflectivist approach to international society historically based interpretative approach

Question 35

revolutionism

Answer 35

rejection of status quo reform and ameliorate sovereign states = part of the problem rather than potential promoters of a more sustainable world ("critical theorists")

Question 36

Foucauldian approach

Answer 36

the material world, including nature is meaningless until it is interpreted and assigned meaning by humans to assign meaning is an act of power

Question 37

Frontier

Answer 37

an organising principle of metropolitan wealth

Question 38

Cheapness

Answer 38

a set of strategies to manage relations between capitalism and the web of life by temporarily fixing capitalism's crisis

Question 39

Capitalism

Answer 39

a concept in which money flows through nature

Question 40

disposability

Answer 40

a tactic within a suite of efforts to move goods through, rather than merely into consumer households (ex: packaging)

Question 41

self-purification

Answer 41

the amount of waste material that may be discharged into a receiving water without causing deleterious ecological effects

Question 42

decolonization

Answer 42

Tuck and Yang: repatriating land to sovereign Native tribes and nations, abolition of slavery in its contemporary forms and the dismantling of the imperial metropole

Question 43

modesty

Answer 43

you don't talk about your accomplishments so that you don't elevate yourself over others

Question 44

humility

Answer 44

you are connected to others and it is the recognition that you cannot do anything without these many others

Question 45

romantics

Answer 45

anti-modernist, distrust science, conservative, conservation

Question 46

modern era

Answer 46

utilitarian , scientific, rationalism

Question 47

metaphor

Answer 47

a type of cognitive shortcut, shape our theories of change ex: tragedy of the commons, carbon lock-in, fractal carbon trap

Question 48

the commons

Answer 48

resources that are not allocated by markets (groundwater, fisheries, forests)

Question 49

constructivism

Answer 49

role of ideas, norms and social constructions in shaping how societies understand and address environmental issues