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Definitions Flashcards

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1
Q

Magnetic Field

A
  1. generated by permanent magnet & moving el charge/ current
  2. direction of mag field is tangent to the field line at any point
  3. N pole will point in direction of field line
    <- N - S –
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2
Q

Magnetic Flux Φ

A
  1. total magnetic field through a given area
  2. unit Wb- (Tm^2)
  3. Φ= B Ag
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3
Q

Magnetic Flux Density (B)

A
  1. in a region of the magnetic field, the number of flux lines that pass through a unit of perpendicular area
  2. B= Φ/ A
  3. unit- t
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4
Q

Lorentz Force

A
  1. an outside magnetic field will exert a force (Fl) on the current carrying wire
  2. Fl= B I L
    l-lenght, I-current, B-magnetic flux density
  3. LHR to determine direction
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5
Q

LHR

A
  1. thumb: Fl- force on conductor F
  2. index finger: B- direction of mag field
  3. middle finger: I- direction of current through wire
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6
Q

Electric Current and Magnetic Field

A
  1. mag field produced by motion of El charge
  2. mag field is vector
  3. its direction is tangent to the mag field lines
  4. RHR rule
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7
Q

RHR

A
  1. thumb- direction of I
  2. finger- direction of magnetic field
  3. dart
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8
Q

Solenoid and Magnetic Field

A
  1. RHR
    fingers- follow current around solenoid
    thumb- magnetic field lines inside solenoid
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9
Q

Electric Charge

A
  1. unit: coulomb- c
  2. comes in whole-number multiple of fundamental unit elementary charge
    formula: Q= n e
    e- elementary charge
  3. two forms:
    +‘ve- proton, -‘ve- electron
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10
Q

Electric Force

A
  1. force 1 charge exerts on another
  2. opp charges attract
  3. Fe= f (qq)/r2
    f- electrostatic constant-> 8.99 10^9 Nm2/c2
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11
Q

Electric Field

A
  1. el charge alternates the property of space around it- the field is a toll to explain this
  2. the existence of the field can be noticed only by another el charge
  3. Ee= Fe/q, -> Ee= f Q/r2, q= 1c
  4. unit: N/c
  5. vector
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12
Q

Electric Field Lines

A
  1. direction of el field is the direction of the net el force on a small +’ve test charge
  2. el field around a charge (sphere) is radial +
    A. diverges from =’ve charge
    B. converges on -‘ve charge
    C. field lines never intersect
    D. field strength is proportional to line density
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13
Q

Electric Energy

A

Eel= f qQ/r

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14
Q

Electric Potential

A
  1. Energy per charge that an imaginary test charge has at any location in space
  2. units: volt- J/c
  3. v= f Q/r (property of the field)
  4. el E becomes Eel= q V
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15
Q

How can the potential difference be be used for charge?

A
  1. to accelerate the charge
  2. charge will move from higher –> lower El E
  3. law of conservation of E
    Eel= Ef- Ei -> Ek= -Eel
  4. decrease in el e= increase in kinetic e
  5. v= vf-vi : potential difference between 2 points
  6. unit: volts
  7. Ek= -q V
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16
Q

Uniform Electric Field

A
  1. homogenous El field has the same mag and direction at any place
  2. Eel= V/d , d- distance among the planes, v pot diff
  3. units: volts/m (N/c)= (V/m)
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17
Q

Uniform fields

A
  1. Fel= q Eel
    a. charged particle will feel electric force
    b. accelerate or be in equilibrium with another force
  2. Ek= Q V
    a. charged particles will gain kinetic e
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18
Q

Electricity

A
  1. setting charge into motion
  2. in order to move charge we need to place it in a potential difference
  3. v= v_ - v+
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19
Q

Conductors

A
  1. materials that contain free electrons
  2. directing e in 1 direction - to +
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20
Q

Current (1)

A
  1. uniform flow of charge
  2. current= charge moving in a circuit/ time, I= Q/t
  3. unit: c/sec= Ampere (A)
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21
Q

Elementary Charge

A
  1. the amount of charge is always multiple of the quantum of charge- electron
  2. Q= n= qe, n- no of electrons
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22
Q

What is the unit of charge for Coulomb?

A

electron, e

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23
Q

What is current measured with?

A
  1. ammeter
  2. ideal ammeters have 0 resistance, but most have some
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24
Q

Current (2)

A
  1. flow of free e in the material (wire)
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25
Conventional flow of current
1. direction of +'ve charge 2. - <------ i ------ + opposite flow
26
What is the Power Source used for?
1. it provides the potential difference needed to move charge 2. does work to place charge in a position of high potential/ high voltage 3. unit: volts- J/c 4. u= E/Q or E= Qu
27
What is the voltmeter used for?
1. measures the potential difference 2. preferably ideal resistance
28
Resistor Ω
1. component that hinders the motion of charge 2. as when charge moves through a resistor it has to spend energy 2. R= U/I 3. units: U/I- volts/ ampere- ohm- Ω
29
What is Conductance?
1. inverse of the resistance, 2. defines how well a component conducts electricity 3. G= 1/R or G= I/u 4. units: si (siemens)= A/v
30
Electric Power
1. P= U I units: watt
31
Rheostat circuit
1. connection in series 2. aim to control the current 3. I= V/ Rv + Ri 4. variable resistance
32
Potentiometer
1. connection in parallel 2. used to control the potential difference
33
Lorentz Force on a moving charge
1. moving charge in a magnetic field experiences a force that is perpendicular to both magnetic flux density B and the velocity of the moving charge 2. Fl|_ B, Fl |_ v 3. Fl= B q v , magnetic flux, charge, speed 4. will only change direction of velocity
34
Does lorentz force do work?
1. Fl on a moving charge does 0 work 2. cos(v)= cos(90) -> w=0 3. Fl on a moving charge can play a role of centripetal force 4. Fcp= Fl -> m v2/r = Bqv
35
Electromagnetic induction
1. electric current can be produced in loops of wire by simply moving a magnet in and out of loops 2. as magnet is changing the no of field lines through cross sectional area enclosed by the wire (el conductor) 3. Φ= B A 4. flux change-> induced potential
36
What changes the flux overtime?
1. relative movement between the conductor and magnetic field 2. results w/ induced potential 3. Φ/t= Uind
37
What is the relation between potential and no of loops?
1. induced potential is proportional to the no of loops (N) 2. Uind - N 3. Vind= -N Φ/t abs value, *
38
Temperature (T)
1. indicator of how hot or cold smt is w/ respect to a scale (Celsius or Kelvin) 2. T(k)= T(*c) + 273.15 3. T is not heat, it is a condition/ state 4. the measure of avg kinetic energy of molecules the body i smade of
39
Heat
1. the process of energy transfer 2. Ek= 3/2 Kb T 3. boltzman constant= 1.38066 10^-23
40
Internal Energy in Solids
1. always Vibration 2. rarely Rotation 3. Never Translation
41
internal energy in Liquids and Gases
1. VRT
42
Movement of particles
1. every single particle jiggles: it has kinetic energy 2. every particle is somewhere, relative to others and has Energy potential 3. have avg energy
43
Random Molecular Energy
1. internal Energy 2. V= Ek + Ep 3. internal E of a body is the sum of all avg kinetic and avg potential energies of all molecules the body is made off
44
Heat Q (J)
1. part of internal energy being transffered from warmer body to colder body
45
1st law of Thermodynamics
1. work is another way to change v v= Q + w 2. Q is +'ve - system gained E Q- net heat absorbed by the system 3. out put work- considered +'ve, input work- -'ve
46
Thermal Expansion- Linear 1D
1. l/lo= alpha T 2. units: m/m= al k^-1 3. alpha- coeff for linear expansion
47
Thermal Expansion- Volume 3D
v/vo = V T 2. V- volumetric expansion coeff for fluids 3. solids 3a
48
Conduction
1. heat transfer because of contact 2. w/in body + between bodies w/ diff T
49
Thermal Conductivity
1. property of substance to conduct 2. P = Y AT/a 3. thickness of conductor
50
Convection
1. heat transfer because of fluid motion 2. molecules move faster and need more space 3. v increases- density decreases 4. air parcel moves up and expands, as it expands it cools down and contracts and falls down
51
Radiation
1. objects emit EM radiation in all directions 2. Stefans law 3. W= J/s
52
Periodic motion
motion that repeats itself after a certain time
53
Time period (Period)
1. time needed for 1 full repetition 2. units- any unit of time
54
Frequency
1. no of full repetitions that happen in 1 second 2. Hz 3. 1Hz- 1/s
55
Oscillation
periodic motion that happens around a position of equilibrium
56
Position of equilibrium
if the oscillator was to find itself in the eq posiiton w/ v=0 it would rest there
57
Amplitude
max displacement from position of equilibrium
58
What happens when the oscillator is in motion?
1. passes through the equilibrium position w/ max velocity (in both directions) 2. at the positions of max displacement, the velocity becomes zero and changes directio
59
Velocity Max (oscillations)
Vmax= 2piA/T -> 2pifA
60
Displacement as a function of time
1/ 1/T= f : x(t)= Asin(2pift) v(t)= A(2pi/T)cos(2pi/Tt) a(t)= v'(t)= a''(t)
61
Phase
1. gives a measurement of how many times a system has oscillated, from 1st time the system crossed the position of equilibrium in the +'ve direction 2. Φ= t/T, t-time elapsed since oscillator crossed eq in + direction 3. Φ=2.25-> 0.25: reduced phase- how far into the current oscillation we found the system
62
spring constant can be calculated from time period
1. T= 2pi-/m/c 2. c= 4pi2m/T^2 (N/m)
63
Resonance
1. when outside force (driving frequency) becomes equal to the natural frequency of a system 2. the amplitude grows (becomes max) 3. T- f 4.systems have their own natural frequencies
64
waves
1. disturbance that propagates (transmit the influence of smt in a particular direction) through medium 2. change in kinematic variable, position, velocity, acceleration 3. E wave- A^2 wave 4. transfer energy and info but not mass
65
Period (T)
1. sec 2. time req to complete a single cycle
66
wavelength (λ)
1. meters 2. distance between successive crests, troughs or identical parts
67
wavefront
imaginary surface representing points of a wave that vibrate in unison (the same way at the same time)
68
wave speed
1. speed w/ which waves pass a particular point 2. wave speed= distance/time 3. v= λ f f= 1/T
69
frequency
no of repetitions (vibrations) per unit of time f=1/T no of crests that pass a particular point per unit of time
70
energy transfer in waves
1. waves transfer energy and momentum but not mass 2. energy transfered in waves is directly prop to A^2
71
transverse waves
direction of disturbance is perpendicular to direction of propagation
72
longitudinal waves
1. individual particles of a medium vibrate back and forth along/ parallel direction in which the wave vibrates 2. sound + seismic
73
Phase ϕ
1. measure of synchronisation 2. ϕ= s/λ 3. rep stage of development of a periodic process 4.describes a specific location w/in a single period cycle
74
phase of a point
no of times a particular point in the wave has oscillated
75
Sound
1. longitudinal wave 2. speed depends on density of medium + T 3. frequency-> pitch 4. higher particle density -> higher pressure 5. variation in pressure, amplitude goes with intensity + volume
76
Intensity
1. energy transfered in unit time across surface perpendicular to direction of wave propagation 2. I= Psource/ A, A= 4pir^2 3. units: w/m^2
77
Hooke's law and elastic force
1. amount of extension (compression) is directly proportional to the force causing that deformation 2. F-u C-spring constant (coeff of elasticity) 3. unit: N/m
78
Stress σ
1. cause of elastic deformation 2. ratio of applied force to area over which it acts 3. σ= force/ cross sectional area= F/A 4. units: N/m^2= Pa 5. same force will stretch 2 rods differently because of different cross-sectional area
79
Strain
1. effect- deformation itself 2. change in dimension/ shape of a body due to applied stress 3. E= change l/ l0
80
Young modulus of elasticity
E= stress/ strain used in region where object will return to its original shape=> Elastic region
81
Phase
1. state of matter 2. gas, liquid, solid
82
Phase transition
1. isothermic process G-L-S-> Einternal out
83
Latent Heat (L)
1. existing but not yet developed, hidden 2. energy per kg of substance
84
Latent Heat for Melting
1. specific enthalpy for melting 2. E needed to break molecular bonds for phase transition 3. solid->melting->liquid<- solidification
85
Latent Heat for Evaporation
1. E needed for phase transition 2. specific enthalpy of evaporation 3. L-><-G
86
Change of Phase
1. specific enthalpy goes both ways 2. depends on transition process 3. depends on substance 4. Q= m L Q- heat req to transition a mass m of substance, m- mass, L-specific enthalpy
87
Specific Heat Capacity
1. E required for 1kg of substance to raise it T for deltaT= 1k 2. c= Q/mT ---> Q=m c T
88
Heat Capacity
1. E req to change the T of an object for T= 1K 2. c= Q/T ------> Q=C T 3. ratio of E (heat) transferred to an object and resulting increase in its T
89
Four measurable quantities
1. pressure p (Pa) 2. Volume V (m^3) 3. Temperature T (K) 4. mass m (kg)-> amount of substance n(mol)
90
Ideal Gas Model Assumptions
1. the gas particles have a negligible volume (no size) 2. gas particles between collisions move as free particles (no inter-molecular forces) 3. collisions are perfectly elastic- no energy loss
91
Ideal Gas Equation
1. p V = n R T R-universal constant 2. gas with unchangeable no of particles n-constant 3. n R- constant
92
T- constant
isothermal process
93
p- constant
isobaric process
94
V- constant
isochoric process
95
Isothermal Process
1. change of gas state 2. T constant -> n R T- const => pV- const
96
Isobaric Process
1. p-const 2. nR/p- const -> V/T- const
97
Isochoric Process
1. V-const 2. nR/V-const => P/T-const
98
Adiabatic Process
1. systems thermally insulated from their environment 2. Q= 0, no heat exchange with the environment, or fast/rapid changes -as when Q=0 -> W=V 3. amount of substance (moles) is constant nR- const => pV/T const
99

Physics 2 (1 decks)

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