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BIOA01: Module 1 Definitions > Definitions > Flashcards

Definitions Flashcards

(74 cards)

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1
Q

Adaptive Radiation

A

Current species diversify from their ancestral species over time due to changes in the environment

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2
Q

Mutation

A

A change in the genetics of an organism, which can introduce genetic variants

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3
Q

Negative Selection

A

Natural selection which decreases the frequency of deleterious alleles

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4
Q

Niches

A

An environment in which species can inhabit and reproduce

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5
Q

Synapomorphy

A

Derived traits that are shared among a group of descendants are viewed as evidence of the evolution of the common ancestry of the group

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6
Q

Intersexual Selection

A

A form of sexual selection where an organism chooses its mate

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7
Q

Homeobox

A

A 180-nucleotide sequence that controls the expression of genes in the body

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8
Q

Molecular Clock

A

Determines when species diverge from each other, becoming genetically different while moving at a constant rate

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9
Q

Ancestral Traits

A

A trait that is present in the ancestor

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10
Q

Analogous Traits

A

Traits that display the same function of a trait but do not result from a common ancestor

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11
Q

Pseudogene

A

A section of DNA that cannot code for a protein

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12
Q

Genetic Drift

A

Random changes in allele frequencies which can reduce genetic variation

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13
Q

Population

A

A group of species in an area that can produce fertile offspring

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14
Q

Positive Selection

A

Natural selection which increases the frequency of advantageous alleles

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15
Q

Polyploidy

A

Duplication of chromosomes which results in faster speciation events

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16
Q

Homeodomain

A

DNA binding domain in homeotic proteins which promotes or represses transcription during early embryonic development

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17
Q

Translocations

A

A part of a chromosome is exchanged between non-homologous chromosomes

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18
Q

Permineralization

A

A fossilization process where the organism is buried and filled with mineral-rich water, turning tissues into stone in exceptional detail

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19
Q

Phylogenetic Tree

A

A structure used to determine the evolutionary relation between species

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20
Q

Relative Fitness

A

An organism’s ability to survive and reproduce, passing their traits throughout generations

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21
Q

Endosymbiosis

A

When an organism of one species lives inside an organism of another species

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22
Q

Convergent Evolution

A

Two or more organisms who have evolved independently to do the same thing

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23
Q

Retrodiction

A

Processes that make sense in light of evolution but is not entirely predicted by evolution

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24
Q

Natural Selection

A

The process where living organisms adapt and change to their environment, passing down advantageous traits to their offspring

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25
Founder Event
A process of genetic drift where individuals create a new population, passing on their traits throughout generations
26
Speciation
The process in which species diverge from their own, creating a new variation
27
Monophyletic Group
A group that includes an ancestor and all of its descendants
28
Homoplasy
The result of convergent evolution
29
Genotype Frequency
The % of individuals in a population with a certain genotype which displays the distribution of allele combinations in a population (AA, aa)
30
Derived Traits
A trait that differs from the ancestral traits but is not displayed until later in development
31
Paraphyletic Group
A group that includes a common ancestor and some of its descendants
32
Directional Selection
A form of selection which shifts the mean value of a trait in a population
33
Contractile Vacuole
Prevents the cell from lysis in freshwater and expels water and salt from the cell
34
Homeotic (Hox) Genes
A genetic tool-box which regulates the transcription of development genes
35
Disruptive Selection
A form of selection which favours extreme phenotypes in a population
36
Parsimony
The simplest visualization of a phylogenetic tree
37
Adaptive Traits
Products of selection that increase relative fitness
38
Pellicile
Made of fibre proteins located under the plasma membrane and provides structure for the organism
39
Pseudopodia
Helps with ameboid movement, making it flexible and able to capture prey
40
Biological Evolution
Changes in allele or genotype frequencies in a population over time
41
Population Bottleneck
A process of genetic drift where a reduction in the population reduces the frequency of certain alleles, typically due to a catastrophic event
42
Polyphyletic Group
A group that does not contain a common ancestor
43
Evolutionary Development Biology
The evolution of development genes which regulate morphology
44
Pleiotropy
Multiple unrelated traits expressed by a single gene
45
Polytomy
Unresolved portion of a cladogram
46
Reinforcement
When 2 populations of related species have diverged extensively or are distinct genetically, will produce offspring that will not develop or reproduce normally
47
Sexual Selection
A form of natural selection which promotes traits to increase the reproductive success of an organism
48
Quantitative
Measurable data
49
Vicariance
A split in the lineage due to a geological event
50
Selective Pressure
An evolutionary force that favours certain phenotypes under certain environmental conditions
51
Intrasexual Selection
A form of sexual selection where the same sex compete for access to the other sex
52
Autoploidy
Duplication of chromosomes within species which causes errors during meiosis produces different species
53
Deletion
A part of a chromosome is deleted
54
Alloploidy
Duplication of chromosomes between species which causes a hybrid offspring to become fertile
55
Qualitative
Immeasurable, descriptive data
56
Microevolution
Changes within a species due to evolutionary forces
57
Symbiosis
When 2 organisms live alongside each other
58
Polymorphisms
Distinct variants of character
59
Homologous Traits
Traits that have similar structures and embryonic formation which result from a common ancestor and are a product of divergent evolution
60
Developmental Switches
Regulatory sites of transcription that switch on/off downstream genes
61
Allopatric Speciation
When a population is physically separated
62
Prezygotic Isolation
Isolation that occurs before the fertilization of the zygote
63
Sympatric Speciation
When a population inhabits an environment alongside another population
64
Duplications
A part of a chromosome is duplicated
65
Phenotype Frequency
The % of the copies of a certain gene in a population with a specific allele which displays the distribution of genetic variation in a population (A or a)
66
Artificial Selection
A force, typically driven by humans, in which they choose phenotypes depending on what they desire
67
Postzygotic Isolation
Isolation that occurs prior to the fertilization of the zygote
68
Macroevolution
Changes between species which can lead to speciation
69
Dispersal
When populations separate, colonize a new area, inhabit it, and reproduce
70
Stabilizing Selection
A form of selection which maintains the traits in a population
71
Gene Flow
The movement of alleles across populations which can increase genetic variation
72
Outgroup
A lineage that is outside of the group being studied but is commonly related to the group
73
Adaptation
Accumulation of adaptive traits over time
74
Inversions
A part of a chromosome breaks and rearranges itself

BIOA01: Module 1 Definitions (1 decks)

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