definitions Flashcards
(181 cards)
1
Q
Ability
A
Inherited, stable traits that determine an individual’s potential to learn or acquire a skill.
2
Q
Adaptability
A
The potential to change with ease.
3
Q
Abduction
A
Movement away from the midline of the body.
4
Q
Adduction
A
Movement towards the midline of the body.
5
Q
Adrenaline
A
Natural hormone released to speed heart rate up.
6
Q
Aerobic
A
Exercise in the presence of or using oxygen.
7
Q
Aerobic training zone
A
The aerobic training zone allows the aerobic system to be trained. To define aerobic training zone: 1. Calculate maximum heart rate (220 bpm) minus age: 220-age. 2. Work at 60-80% of maximum heart rate.
8
Q
Aggression
A
A deliberate intent to harm or injure another person, which can be physical or mental.
9
Q
Agility
A
The ability to move and change direction quickly whilst maintaining control.
10
Q
Agonist (prime mover)
A
Muscle or group responsible for the movement.
11
Q
Altitude
A
A geographical area (of land) which is over 2,000 m above sea level.
12
Q
Altitude training (traditional)
A
Training at altitude where there is less oxygen. The body adapts by making more red blood cells to carry oxygen.
13
Q
Altitude sickness
A
Nausea caused by training at altitude.
14
Q
Alveoli
A
Air sacs in the lungs.
15
Q
Amateur
A
Someone who takes part in an activity as a hobby, rather than for financial gain.
16
Q
Anabolic steroids
A
Artificially produced male hormones mimicking testosterone.
17
Q
Anaerobic
A
Working in the absence of enough or without oxygen.
18
Q
Antagonist
A
Acts to produce the opposite action to the agonist.
19
Q
Arousal
A
A physical and mental state of alertness/readiness.
20
Q
Articulating bones
A
Where two or more bones meet to allow movement at a joint.
21
Q
Artery
A
Blood vessel with small lumen and thick muscular walls.
22
Q
Axis
A
Imaginary line through the body around which it rotates.
23
Q
Backflow
A
The flowing backwards of blood.
24
Q
Balance
A
The maintenance of the centre of mass over the base of support.
25
Balanced diet
Eating the right amount of calories for energy expended.
26
Beta blockers
Drugs that are used to steady nerves by controlling heart rate.
27
Blood doping
A technique to increase the amount of red blood cells in the body.
28
Blood pressure
The pressure that blood is under.
29
Body composition
The percentage of body weight which is fat and non-fat.
30
Body mass index (BMI)
A measure that uses your height and weight to calculate whether your weight is deemed healthy.
31
Calorie
A unit which measures heat or energy production in the body.
32
Capillary
Thin blood vessel that allow exchange of materials between the blood and the tissues of the body.
33
Carbohydrate
The body's preferred energy source.
34
Cardiac cycle
The process of the heart going through the stages of systole and diastole.
35
Cardiac output
The amount of blood ejected from the heart in one minute.
36
Cardio-vascular endurance (aerobic power)
The ability of the heart and lungs to supply oxygen to the working muscles.
37
Cartilage
Strong connective tissue that acts as a buffer between bones.
38
Circuit training
A series of exercise stations whereby periods of work are interspersed with periods of rest.
39
Circumduction
Turning or circular motion around a joint.
40
Closed season
Period of rest to recuperate.
41
Commercialisation
To manage or exploit an organisation in a way designed to make a profit.
42
Coordination
The ability to use different parts of the body together smoothly and efficiently.
43
Competition season (peak)
Playing season with matches every week.
44
Continuous training
Involves working for a sustained period of time without rest.
45
Contract to compete
Unwritten agreement to follow and abide by the rules.
46
Deep breathing
Relaxation technique which involves exaggerating breaths in and out.
47
Dehydration
Excessive loss of body water interrupting the function of the body.
48
Direct aggression
Aggressive act which involves physical contact with others.
49
Diuretic drugs
Drugs that remove fluid from the body.
50
Delayed onset of muscle soreness (DOMS)
The pain felt in the muscles the day after exercise.
51
Dorsiflexion
Raising of the toes towards the tibia.
52
Embolism
Blockage of a blood vessel.
53
Excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC)
The amount of oxygen needed to recover after exercise.
54
Erythropoietin (EPO)
A type of peptide hormone that increases the red blood cell count.
55
Etiquette
A convention or unwritten rule in an activity.
56
Expire
Breathe out.
57
Extrinsic feedback
Received from outside of the performer.
58
Extension
Movement that causes the angle at a joint to increase.
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Extrinsic motivation
The drive to perform well or to win in order to gain external rewards.
60
Extrovert
Sociable, active, talkative personality type usually associated with team sports players.
61
Fartlek training
Training using different intensities or over different terrains.
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Fatigue
A feeling of extreme or severe tiredness due to a build-up of lactic acid.
63
Feedback
Information a performer receives about their performance.
64
Fitness
The ability to meet/cope with the demands of the environment.
65
What does FITT stand for?
FITT stands for frequency, intensity, time, and type.
66
What is frequency in the context of FITT?
Frequency refers to how often you train.
67
What is intensity in the context of FITT?
Intensity refers to how hard you train.
68
What is time in the context of FITT?
Time refers to the length of the training session.
69
What is type in the context of FITT?
Type refers to the specific method of training, e.g., continuous training.
70
What is flexion?
Flexion is movement that causes the angle at a joint to decrease.
71
What is flexibility?
Flexibility is the range of movements possible at a joint.
72
What is gamesmanship?
Gamesmanship is attempting to gain an advantage by bending the rules to their limit (but not breaking them).
73
What does SMART stand for in goal setting?
SMART stands for specific, measurable, accepted, realistic, and time bound.
74
What are performance goals?
Performance goals are personal standards to be achieved without comparison to others.
75
What are outcome goals?
Outcome goals focus on the end result or winning.
76
What is guidance in sports?
Guidance is a method to convey information to a performer, including visual, verbal, manual, and mechanical methods.
77
What is haemoglobin?
Haemoglobin is the substance in red blood cells that transports oxygen and carbon dioxide.
78
What is health according to the World Health Organisation?
Health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.
79
What is a heart attack?
A heart attack occurs when the flow of oxygen-rich blood to a section of heart muscle suddenly becomes blocked.
80
What are the heart chambers?
The heart chambers include the right and left atria and ventricles.
81
What is heart rate?
Heart rate is the number of times the heart beats, usually measured per minute.
82
What is high intensity interval training (HITT)?
HITT is an exercise strategy alternating periods of short intense anaerobic exercise with less intense recovery periods.
83
What is hooliganism?
Hooliganism is disorderly, aggressive, and often violent behaviour by spectators at sporting events.
84
What is home field advantage?
Home field advantage is gaining an advantage in a sporting event from being in familiar surroundings.
85
What is hydration?
Hydration is having enough water to enable normal functioning of the body.
86
What is hypertension?
Hypertension is high blood pressure in the arteries.
87
What is hypertrophy?
Hypertrophy is the enlargement of an organ or tissue from the increase in the size of its cells.
88
What is indirect aggression?
Indirect aggression does not involve physical contact and is taken out on an object.
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What is information processing?
Information processing involves making decisions by gathering data from the display and prioritizing stimuli.
90
What does inspire mean?
Inspire means to breathe in.
91
What is interval training?
Interval training consists of periods of training/work followed by periods of rest.
92
What is intrinsic feedback?
Intrinsic feedback is feedback received via receptors in the muscles, providing information from movement.
93
What is intrinsic motivation?
Intrinsic motivation is the drive that comes from within, such as for pride or self-worth.
94
What is an introvert?
An introvert is a quiet, passive, reserved, shy personality type, often associated with individual sports.
95
What is isometric contraction?
Isometric contraction is when the length of the muscle does not alter during contraction.
96
What is isotonic contraction?
Isotonic contraction results in limb movement, which includes concentric and eccentric contractions.
97
What is a level playing field?
A level playing field is the same for all competitors.
98
What is a lever?
A lever is a rigid bar (bone) that turns about an axis to create movement.
99
What is masculinity in sports?
Masculinity refers to displaying stereotypical male behaviour.
100
How is maximal heart rate calculated?
Maximal heart rate is calculated by 220 minus age.
101
What is mechanical advantage?
Mechanical advantage is calculated by effort divided by weight (resistance) arm.
102
What is media in sports?
Media includes diversified technologies acting as the main means of mass communication.
103
What is mental health and well-being?
Mental health and well-being is a state where individuals realize their potential and cope with normal stresses.
104
What is mental rehearsal?
Mental rehearsal is a relaxation technique involving picturing oneself performing a skill perfectly.
105
What are minerals?
Minerals are inorganic substances that assist the body with various functions.
106
What is motivation?
Motivation is the drive to succeed or the desire to achieve something.
107
What is muscular endurance?
Muscular endurance is the ability of a muscle or muscle group to undergo repeated contractions without fatigue.
108
What is nutrition?
Nutrition is the intake of food in relation to the body's dietary needs.
109
What does obese mean?
Obese describes individuals with a large fat content, indicated by a BMI over 30.
110
What is one rep max?
One rep max is the maximal amount that can be lifted in one repetition by a muscle or group of muscles.
111
What is a performance enhancing drug (PED)?
PED is a substance used to improve athletic performance.
112
What are peptide hormones?
Peptide hormones are drugs that stimulate the production of naturally occurring hormones.
113
What is physical health and well-being?
Physical health and well-being is when all body systems work well, free from illness and injury.
114
What is physiology?
Physiology is the study of how our cells, muscles, and organs work together.
115
What is a plane in sports?
A plane is an imaginary flat surface running through the body along which movement can take place.
116
What is plantar flexion?
Plantar flexion is the action of pointing the toes in a downward motion.
117
What is positive self-talk?
Positive self-talk involves developing cognitive positive thoughts about your own performance.
118
What is post season (transition)?
Post season is a period of rest or active recovery after the competition period.
119
What is power/explosive strength?
Power is the product of strength and speed.
120
What is pre-season (preparation)?
Pre-season is the period leading up to competition, focusing on training to increase fitness.
121
What are the principles of overload?
The principles of overload include frequency, intensity, time, and type.
122
What are the principles of training?
The principles of training include specificity, progressive overload, reversibility, and tedium.
123
What is a prime mover (agonist)?
The prime mover is the muscle or muscle group responsible for the movement.
124
What is a pulse raiser?
A pulse raiser is any activity that raises heart rate, usually as part of a warm-up.
125
What is qualitative assessment?
Qualitative assessment is a subjective appraisal relating to the quality of performance.
126
What is quantitative assessment?
Quantitative assessment is a measurement that can be quantified as a number.
127
What is reaction time?
Reaction time is the time taken to initiate a response to a stimulus.
128
What is recovery?
Recovery is the time required to repair damage caused by training or competition.
129
What is rehydration?
Rehydration is consuming water to restore hydration.
130
What is reliability in testing?
Reliability relates to the consistency and repeatability of a test.
131
What are repetitions in exercise?
Repetitions are the number of times an individual action is performed.
132
What is residual volume?
Residual volume is the volume of air left in the lungs after maximal expiration.
133
What is a role model?
A role model is a person looked to by others as an example to be imitated.
134
What is rotation in movement?
Rotation is movement where a limb rotates around its long axis.
135
What is a season in sports?
A season is a period during which competition takes place or training occurs.
136
What is a sedentary lifestyle?
A sedentary lifestyle is characterized by irregular or no physical activity.
137
What is serotonin?
Serotonin is a feel-good hormone released during exercise.
138
What is the skeletal system?
The skeletal system provides a framework of bones for movement.
139
What is a skill in sports?
A skill is a learned action or behaviour with the intention of achieving a predetermined result.
140
What is skill classification?
Skill classification categorizes sporting skills according to specific continua.
141
What is social health and well-being?
Social health and well-being is when basic human needs are met and individuals are socially active.
142
What is somatotype?
Somatotype is a method of classifying body type.
143
What are the three body types in somatotype?
The three body types are ectomorph, endomorph, and mesomorph.
144
What is speed in sports?
Speed is the maximum rate at which an individual can perform a movement or cover a distance.
145
Ectomorph
A somatotype characterised by narrow shoulders and narrow hips.
146
Endomorph
A somatotype characterised by a pear-shaped body/fatness with wide hips and narrow shoulders.
147
Mesomorph
A somatotype characterised by a muscular appearance with wide shoulders and narrow hips.
148
Speed
The maximum rate at which an individual can perform a movement or cover a distance in a period of time, calculated by: distance ÷ time.
149
Spirometer trace
A measure of lung volumes, including tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, and residual volume.
150
Tidal volume
Volume of air inspired or expired/exchanged per breath.
151
Inspiratory reserve volume
The amount of air that could be breathed in after tidal volume.
152
Expiratory reserve volume
The amount of air that could be breathed out after tidal volume.
153
Residual volume
The amount of air left in the lungs after maximal expiration.
154
Sponsor
An individual or group that provides financial support to an event, activity, person, or organisation.
155
Sponsorship
Provision of funds or other forms of support to an individual or event in return for some commercial return.
156
Specificity (in training)
Making training specific to the sport being played, movements used, muscles used, and energy system(s) used.
157
Progressive overload
Gradual increase of the amount of overload so that fitness gains occur without potential for injury.
158
Reversibility
Losing fitness levels when you stop exercising.
159
Tedium
Boredom that can occur from training the same way every time; variety is needed.
160
Sportsmanship
Conforming to the rules, spirit and etiquette of a sport.
161
Static stretching
Holding a stretch still/held/isometric.
162
Stimulants
Drugs that have an effect on the central nervous system, increasing mental and/or physical alertness.
163
Strength
The ability to overcome a resistance, which can be explosive, static, or dynamic.
164
Stroke volume
The volume of blood pumped out of the heart by each ventricle during one contraction.
165
Sub-maximal
Working below maximal intensity level.
166
Suppleness
The range of movement possible at a joint.
167
Synovial joint
An area of the body where two or more bones meet to allow a range of movements.
168
Tangible
Something that can be seen and touched, e.g., a trophy.
169
Target zone
The range within which athletes need to work for aerobic training to take place (60-80% of maximum heart rate).
170
Tendon
Strong, flexible tissue that attaches muscle to bone.
171
Training
A well-planned programme which uses scientific principles to improve performance, skill, game ability, motor and physical fitness.
172
Training thresholds
The actual boundaries of the target zone.
173
Validity
The extent to which a test or method measures what it sets out to measure.
174
Vasoconstriction
When arterioles feeding areas not needing much blood constrict to restrict blood flow to that area.
175
Vasodilation
When arterioles feeding areas needing more blood dilate to increase blood flow to that area.
176
Vein
Blood vessel with wide lumen, containing pocket valves, that carries blood back towards the heart.
177
Viscosity
Thickening of the blood.
178
Visualisation
A relaxation technique to control mental thoughts by imagining oneself in a calm, relaxing place.
179
Vitamins
Organic substances required for many essential processes in the body, e.g., Vitamin A for skin structure and function.
180
Weight training
The use of weights/resistance to cause adaptation of the muscles.
181
Well-being
Involves physical, mental, and social well-being, giving people a sense of being comfortable, healthy, or happy.
