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Definitions Flashcards

(58 cards)

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1
Q

Electronegativity

A

the force of attraction experienced by bonding electrons towards the nucleus of that element

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2
Q

electron shielding

A

a repulsive force exerted by electrons that are closer to the nucleus (ie in lower energy shells) on electrons that are further from the nucleus (ie higher-energy shells), pushing them away from the nucleus

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3
Q

relative isotopic mass

A

the mass of the isotope relative to 1/12 the mass of the carbon-12 isotope

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4
Q

relative atomic mass

A

the weighted average mass of all the isotopes of that element, weighted by their relative abundance

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5
Q

cation

A

a positive ion

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6
Q

anion

A

a negative ion

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7
Q

alloy

A

a mixture of elements, at least one of which is a metal

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8
Q

malleable

A

can be beaten into sheets

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9
Q

ductile

A

can be drawn into wires

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10
Q

metallic bonding

A

the electrostatic force of attraction between a lattice of metal cations and a sea of delocalised electrons

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11
Q

circular economy

A

an economy where the resources from a product are returned back into the economy which is a closed product cycle

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12
Q

linear economy

A

when a product is essentially disposed of in landfill (or equivalent) after it has been used

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13
Q

ionic bonding

A

electrostatic force of attraction between cations and anions in a giant ionic lattice

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14
Q

precipitate

A

a solid product formed from the reaction of two dissolved substances

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15
Q

covalent bonding

A

electrostatic attraction between the nuclei of two atoms and one or more shared pairs of electrons between them

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16
Q

miscible

A

two liquids can ‘dissolve’ eachother

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17
Q

adsorption

A

substance ‘sticks’ to the stationary phase in chromatography

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18
Q

SLC

A

25 C, 100kPa pressure

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19
Q

fuel

A

substance that releases a usable amount of energy when combusted

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20
Q

greenhouse gas

A

a gaseous molecule which contains polar bonds which absorb then re-emit infra-red radiation, therefore contributing to the greenhouse effect

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21
Q

acid (Bronsted-Lowry theory)

A

a proton (H+) donor

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22
Q

base (Bronsted-Lowry theory)

A

a proton (H+) acceptor

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23
Q

alkali

A

soluble base, that dissolves or reacts with water to produce hydroxide ions (OH-)

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24
Q

acid-base reaction (Bronsted-Lowry theory)

Study These Flashcards
A

transfer of a proton (H+) from an acid to a base

25
precision\
when repeated measurements of the same quantity give values that are in close agreement
26
activation energy
minimum amount of energy required for a reaction to take place. For a reaction to occur, the particles must have energy equal to or greater than the activation energy
27
rate of reaction
speed at which a reaction occurs (M/s)
28
catalyst
a substance which speeds up the rate of reaction by lowering activation energy, remaining unchanged by the reaction
29
reversible reaction
a chemical reaction that can occur in either the forward or reverse direction, given appropriate conditions
30
closed system
a system that is completely isolated from its environment. System can have a transfer of energy but no transfer of matter
31
dynamic equilibrium
situation in which the rate of the forward and reverse reactions are equal, resulting in no observable change over time
32
yield
amount of product produced
33
Le Chatelier's principle
a system at equilibrium has a tendency to partially oppose a disruption
34
collision theory
there must be correct orientation and sufficient energy to disrupt the bonds in their molecules
35
accuracy
if the average of a set of measurements of a quantity is very close to the true or accepted value of a quantity. then the measurement is described as accurate
36
reliability
an experiment can be repeated several times with consistent results
37
reproducibility
a measurement is reproducible if the investigation is repeated by another person, or by using different equipment or techniques, and the same results are obtained
38
validity
refers to whether the evidence supports the argument
39
haber process
Haber proces is an industrial method for synthesizing ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen gases
40
substitution reaction
one functional group is substituted for another
41
green chemistry principles
the Green Chemistry approach strives to achieve sustainability at the molecular level
42
homologous series
a series of organic compounds that have a similar chemical structure and chemical properties
43
organic compounds
compounds consisting of carbon atoms most commonly covalently bonded to hydrogen, nitrogen , phosphorus, or oxygen
44
functional group
specific groups of atoms within a compound that affect the properties of the compound
45
isomer
organic molecules having the same molecular formula but a different structural formula
46
cracking
example of a thermal decomposition reaction, where large organic molecules are broken down into smaller molecules using heat and a catalyst
47
polymer
molecule produced naturally or synthetically from monomers bonded together
48
addition polymerisation
chemical reaction between monomers resulting in the formation of a polymer
49
condensation polymerisation
when two monomers react in a condensation reaction, a small molecule ( usually water) is produced as a by product
50
polyester
produced through the reaction between an alcohol and a carboxylic acid functional group
51
polyamide
produced through reaction between a carboxylic acid and an amine functional group
52
LDPE
low density polyethene
53
HDPE
high density polyethene
54
monomer
small molecule from which a polymer can be made
55
thermoplastic polymers
polymers are only thermoplastics if the attractions between the long polymer chains are intermolecular forces ; hydrogen bonds, dipole-dipole forces, or dispersion forces
56
thermosetting polymers
decompose or burn when heated. they do not soften because the bonds between the chains are very strong. the covalent bonds between the polymer chains are called cross-links
57
elastomer polymers
formed when only occasionally cross-links are present. the chains in these polymers can still move past each other when stretched but the cross-links return the chains to their original position once the forces causing the stretching is released
58

Chemistry (4 decks)

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