Definitions

Question 1

Urbanisation

Answer 1

The rapid growth of cities due to people moving from rural to urban areas for work.

Question 2

Slums

Answer 2

overcrowded, unsanitary housing often occupied by the working class

Question 3

Industrial Revolution

Answer 3

The period of rapid industrial growth and technological change in the 18th–19th centuries.

Question 4

Public health

Answer 4

Efforts by governments or communities to protect the health of populations.

Question 5

Sanitation

Answer 5

Systems for safe waste disposal and clean water.

Question 6

Epidemic

Answer 6

A sudden outbreak of disease in a specific population (e.g. cholera).

Question 7

Overcrowding

Answer 7

Too many people living in a small area, common in working-class housing

Question 8

Pollution

Answer 8

Contamination of air, water, and environment due to factories and waste.

Question 9

Germ theory

Answer 9

The idea that microorganisms cause disease (not widely accepted until the late 1800s).

Question 10

Anaesthesia

Answer 10

A medical development allowing pain-free surgery

Question 11

Vaccination

Answer 11

Treatment to prevent disease, becoming more common in this era.

Question 12

Rerum Novarum

Answer 12

A key 1891 Church document defending workers’ rights and condemning social injustice.

Question 13

Charitable services

Answer 13

Work done by the Church (e.g. hospitals, schools, orphanages) to help the poor.

Question 14

Human dignity

Answer 14

The belief that all people are created in God’s image and deserve respect.

Question 15

The Beatitudes

Answer 15

Teachings of Jesus that bless the humble, poor, merciful, and persecuted.

Question 16

Conscience

Answer 16

An inner sense of right and wrong, guided by God, scripture, and Church teaching.

Question 17

Mortal sin

Answer 17

A serious sin that separates us from God if done with full knowledge and consent.

Question 18

Venial sin

Answer 18

A lesser sin that harms but does not break our relationship with God.

Question 19

Social sin

Answer 19

Sinful structures or systems in society (e.g. racism, poverty, unjust laws).

Question 20

Solidarity

Answer 20

Standing with and supporting others, especially the poor or oppressed.

Question 21

Advocacy

Answer 21

Speaking or acting to change laws or systems that are unjust.

Question 22

Papal States

Answer 22

Territories in Italy historically controlled by the Pope until the 19th century.

Question 23

Nostis et Nobiscum

Answer 23

An 1849 letter by Pope Pius IX defending the Church’s social role.

Question 24

Revolutionary violence

Answer 24

Uprisings during the 1800s that challenged monarchies and Church power.

Question 25

Secularism

Answer 25

A movement to separate religion from politics and society.

Question 26

Priests

Answer 26

One who offers worship and prayer to God.

Question 27

prophet

Answer 27

One who speaks truth, especially to challenge injustice.

Question 28

King (servant leadership)

Answer 28

Leading through service, not domination or power.

Question 29

Sacrifice

Answer 29

Giving of oneself for the good of others (e.g. Jesus’ crucifixion).

Question 30

Deacon

Answer 30

A Church servant role, often involving charity and teaching.

Question 31

missionary

Answer 31

A person sent to spread the message of Jesus.

Question 32

Theology

Answer 32

The study of God and religious beliefs.

Question 33

Constitution

Answer 33

A system of laws and principles that outline government structure and citizens' rights.

Question 34

Representation

Answer 34

Having a voice or vote in decision-making processes.

Question 35

Reform

Answer 35

A change made to improve society or government.

Question 36

Oppression

Answer 36

Unjust treatment or control, often by those in power.

Question 37

Human Dignity

Answer 37

everyone is valuable and deserves respect as they were made in the image of god.

Question 38

dignity

Answer 38

the state or quality of being worthy of honour or respect.

Question 39

sin

Answer 39

an immoral act considered to be a transgression against divine law.

Question 40

conscience

Answer 40

a person's moral sense of right and wrong, viewed as acting as a guide to one's behaviour.

Question 41

catherine mcauley

Answer 41

Catherine McAuley (Founder of Sisters of Mercy) Born in Dublin, Ireland (1778–1841). Founded the Sisters of Mercy to serve the poor, sick, and uneducated. Promoted women's education and compassionate healthcare. Embodied Jesus’ Priestly (compassion), Prophetic (truth-telling), and Kingly (service leadership) roles.

Question 42

Apply Priest, Prophet, King to Case Studies

Answer 42

Case Study: Catherine McAuley Priest: Showed compassion in nursing the sick and poor. Prophet: Spoke out for women’s education and justice. King: Led a congregation that continues today. Case Study: Oscar Romero (El Salvador Bishop, 1980s) Priest: Cared for his people as a pastor. Prophet: Publicly denounced violence and injustice. King: Gave his life (martyrdom) as a servant leader for the oppressed. Your Life Example (Template): Priest: I care for my family/friends through listening and kindness. Prophet: I speak up when I see bullying or unfairness. King: I take initiative in group tasks and help others without expecting reward.