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definitions Flashcards

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1
Q

operations management

A

the management of resources to achieve efficient outputs of goods/services

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2
Q

3 elements of the operation system

A

Inputs - resources, raw materials, time
Process - transformation in converting inputs to outputs
Outputs - transformed inputs that are returned to external environment as goods/services

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3
Q

2 characteristics of OPS

A

manufacturing
- tangible goods
- storable
- customers not as involved
- standardised goods (bread, clothes)

service
- intangible
- unstorable
- customers involved
- services usually tailored to customers

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4
Q

sim/diffs of manufacturing/service

A

sim:
- both aim to achieve business objectives. to make a profit, meet customer demands.
- both apply IPO elements

diff:
- intangible/tangible
- customer not/involved

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5
Q

what are the 5 operation strategies (OPS)

A

Technology (6)
Materials (4)
Waste (3)
Quality (3)
Lean (4)

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6
Q

OPS1 - define technology

A

practical application of science to achieve a commercial or industrial objective

  • CAM
  • CAD
  • APL
  • ROBOTICS
  • ONLINE SERVICES
  • AI
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7
Q

automated production line (APL) - tech 1

A

an APL consists of machinery and equipment arranged in a sequence-component parts are then added to the product as it moves along assembly line

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8
Q

reduce (waste)

A

creating less waste and therefore business is able to lower costs

  • JIT keep inventory, work in process, and finished products to minimum - reduce storage waste
  • quality strategy - reduce defective products thus waste
  • technological development undertake precision and dangerous takss - reduce defective products
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9
Q

define reuse (waste)

A

taking old or unwanted items that otherwise would be thrown away and finding a new use for them

  • ability to reuse product/items from production saves waste disposal cost
  • reusable input = second income stream
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10
Q

name 2 adv/disadv of APL

A

adv:
- repetitive tasks done by machinery not humans
- improved productivity by lower labour costs, reduced production time (faster)

disadv:
- ongoing maintenance expensive as it requires hiring skilled maintenance workers
- reduce employment opportunities (CSR)
- huge initial purchasing costs of systems

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11
Q

define recycle (waste)

A

changing discarded materials into new products to avoid using more virgin resources

  • purchasing inputs (recycled materials)
  • purchasing recyclable inputs e.g. paper, glass
  • avoiding hazardous/difficult to recycle inputs
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12
Q

robotics - tech 2

A

robotics are programmable machines that can operate tasks automatically

  • perform repetitive tasks
  • replace human labour
  • used in manufacturing & services
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13
Q

3 disadv of waste minimisation

A
  • adopting operations change, time consuming in short-term
  • reusing materials previously discarded - increases storage costs
  • high initial cost changing operations system e.g. installing tech
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14
Q

define lean management

A

systematic process for eliminating waste and improving quality so the end customer gets the most value

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15
Q

define pull (lean management)

A

letting customer demands pull the business likely leads to less waste generated by only manufacturing outputs that will be sold

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16
Q

define one piece flow (lean management)

A

producing in a smooth uninterrupted manner minimising waiting time

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17
Q

define takt (lean management)

A

rate of production needed to manufacture products to meet customer demand, it allows a business to achieve a continuous workflow and respond flexibly to change in demand

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18
Q

zero defects (lean management)

A

the business strives for perfection, reducing levels of waste as less defects go to waste rather than being sold - it is a more efficient use of resources that will increase profits by maximising outputs whilst minimising waste

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19
Q

name 2 adv/disadv of robotics

A

adv:
- replaces dangerous tasks
- work for long periods of time without demands of human labour (fatigue, time)

disadv:
- reduce employment opportunities
- initial and ongoing costs could be expensive

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20
Q

3 advs of lean management

A
  • cost savings - removing unnecessary items/tools
  • improved productivity by time saved as items ‘set in order’
  • requires staff to take active role in reducing waste - creates ‘continued improvement’-focused corporate culture
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21
Q

Computer aided design (CAD) - tech 3

A

computer program that facilitates creation/modification of 3d diagrams

  • standard in manufacturing/design business
  • adjusted to customer demand
  • accurate and precise prediction of final product’s outcome
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22
Q

3 disadvs of lean management

A
  • initial time investment to sort, set in order, standardise processes
  • change in processes may = resistance or employee frustration
  • removing equipment/materials not required may risk falling behind if equipment fails
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23
Q

name 2 adv/disadv of CAD

A

adv:
- increase accuracy
- allows for modification/manageable editing of product design

disadv:
- costly to introduce

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24
Q

Computer aided manufacturing (CAM) - tech 4

A

computer controlled manufacturing that involves control of machinery, tools through a computer

  • machine is fed info from central computer
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25
name 2 adv/disadv of CAM
adv: - greater precision, less room for error - reduces need for manual resetting of machinery, saves time n labor disadv: - costly to introduce/maintain
26
define CSR
the commitment by organisations to conduct their business in an ethical manner, to take responsibility for the economic, social and environmental consequences of the activities and to be accountable to sharesholders - social responsibility extends beyond legal obligation
27
AI - tech 5
a robot/computer that performs tasks that are usually done by humans as they require human intelligence/discernment
28
name 2 adv/disadvs of AI
adv: - competitive advantage - convenience, replaces the need for human labour when not needed disadv: - expensive - limited to what its programmed to know, unable to provide actual feedback or emotional responses to customers
29
online services - tech 6
a location or accessibility through a website or platform to provide services and support for a business
30
name 2 adv/disadv of online services
adv: - competitive advantage - offers improved communication with customers/suppliers disadv: - web designers expensive - time consuming to develop
31
OPS 2 - materials management (MM)
managing use, storage, delivery of resources to ensure right amounts of inputs is available when required in operation systems Forecasting Just In Time Master Production Schedule (MPS) Materials Requirement Planning (MRP)
32
Forecasting - MM 1
estimating which materials will be required and in what quantities. timeframe of when to order is also planned - supplier lead time: suppliers require warning of orders - future price changes: prices may change due to seasons, market conditions
33
CSR - inputs
select sustainable suppliers - adopt purchasing policy e.g. social responsibility criteria when choosing suppliers - purchase sustainable inputs - purchase and use green energy e.g. solar panels - choose local supplier - less distance to travel = less CO2 emission
34
CSR - processes
- reuse resources - recycle resources - utilise green tech - retain all processing within Australia to ensure employment for Australians - adopt processes to increase accuracy and decrease waste e.g. tech
35
CSR - outputs
- ensure product is durable and reliable (beyond legal req) e.g. lasts longer than warranty - create sustainable packaging e.g. reduce amount, recyclable material - final product biodegradable
36
CSR - technology
- implement 'green' tech e.g. hybrid vehicles - implement tech to increase accuracy and reduce waste
37
CSR - materials management
- implement JIT to avoid waste - develop relationships with ethical suppliers - source sustainable inputs - minimuse deliveries - reduces carbon emissions
38
CSR - quality
- implement quality strategies to ensure product lasts beyond warranty - implement TQM to involve employees into quality strategies (feel valued, increase morale)
39
CSR - waste minimisation
- implement prevention techniques to minimise landfill and environmental damage (3Rs)
40
CSR - lean management
- implement lean manufacturing to reduce wastage and landfill - empower workers to develop waste reduction strategies in lean management (feel valued, increase morale)
41
define global sourcing of inputs (global considerations)
a selection and use of suppliers from an overseas location
42
define overseas manufacturer (global considerations)
process stage of the operations system is conducted in an overseas location
43
define global outsourcing (global considerations)
when an overseas business contracts another business to perform some of its roles or functions e.g. IT often outsourced
44
2 adv of global sourcing of inputs
- opportunity to take advantage of global efficiencies (some countries have natural advantage in producing specific products due to types and quantity of resources) - resources not found in home country can be utilised
45
2 disadv of global sourcing of inputs
- inefficiencies - timezones and language barriers - financial and political risks - risk of losing intellectual property - difficult to manage quality of inputs - time delays shipping supplies fron other countries
46
2 adv of overseas manufacturer
- lower production cost - labour higher in Aus than developing countries - skills and resources not found in home country can be utilised
47
2 disadv of overseas manufacturer
- inefficiencies - timezones and language barriers - financial and political risks - risk of losing intellectual property - difficult to manage quality of inputs - loss of Australian jobs can be seen as unethical
48
2 adv of global outsourcing
- skills and not found in home country can be utilised - outsourced to people specialised in field who have specific equipjment and expertise - reduced operatiopmal cost - don't have to hire in house
49
2 disadv of global outsourcing
- inefficiencies - timezones and language barriers - financial and political risks - risk of losing intellectual property - loss of Australian jobs can be seen as unethical - risk exposing confidential data
50
name 2 adv/disadv of Forecasting 1
adv; - factors in lead time for suppliers to deliver - ensures stock and materials are on hand disadv: - just a prediction, not fully reliable - wastage may occur
51
Just in time (JIT) - MM2
an inventory management system that aims to avoid holding any stock (input/outputs). suppliers arrive just when needed for production, finished products are immediately sold
52
name 2 adv/disadv of JIT
adv: - save storage costs - less wastage disadv: - delays may occur - more frequent deliveries can be costly
53
Master prodution schedule (MPS) - MM3
statement of what business intends to produce, in what quantities and when (timeframe) taking into account customer demand and production costs specifically: - quantities and types of production over a period of time - delivery dates and when contracts are to be met
54
adv of MPS
- helps in decision making to ensure adequate resources/labour is available to fulfil contracts - creates clear guidelines & expectations for staff - reduce stress downt the line
55
disadv of MPS
- delays to supply/delivery times may cause schedule interruptions
56
Material requirement planning (MRP) - MM4
a computer based inventory management system designed to assist the operations manager with scheduling and placing orders for materials extra info: - DEVELOP materials needed to meet demand - DETERMINES what materials will be needed in what quantity - CONSIDER lead times for suppliers, exact number of inputs needed, price changes and amount of stock available
57
adv of MRP
- ensures stock and materials are available for specific orders - ensures productivity levels in production can be maintained due to adequate stock levels (no stopping)
58
disadv of MRP
- delays interrupt schedule - glitches in computer systems, orders may not be received
59
OPS 3 quality management
the degree of excellence in a good/service and its ability to satisfy a customer
60
Quality control definition
involves the use of random inspections at various points in the production process to check for defects and taking corrective action if necessary (internal)
61
effective and efficiency on quality control
efficiency: - identify and fix cause of errors, less waste occurs and resources optimised effectiveness: -removing defected products prevents customers receiving it. IMPROVES sales and market share
62
adv of quality control
- increase reputation as decreased refunds of faulty products - not that expensive as no external parties are hired
63
disadv of quality control
- time consuming to identify errors in every product made - errors are identifies AFTER theyre made, creating waste and costs
64
Quality assurance definition
a system established to ensure that quality standards are upheld/achieved by building quality into work processes. (external certification acquired from auditing)
65
effective and efficiency on quality assurance
efficiency: - prevent errors before occurring decreases faulty produced, time wasted and product waste effectiveness: - customers more inclined to purchase from a business with a certified standards, increase sales, profits and market share
66
adv of quality assurance
- receiving external certificate increases business competitiveness - decrease defective products, decrease waste and increase business reputation
67
disadv of quality assurance
- empoyees might need to be re trained to comply w procedures - time consuming - expensive to organise external bodies to assess (cocoa roasters!!)
68
Total Quality Management (TQM)
HOLISTIC approach to quality where all members and staff focus on: CONTINUOS process improvement customer focus universal responsibility defect prevention
69
effective and efficiency on TQM
efficiency: continuosly improving quality of production system can prevent errors from occurring and reduce discarded products, optimise resources effectiveness: by determining needs/wants of customers TQM can improve customer satisfaction. increase profit and sales
70
adv of TQM
- decrease waste, increase business reputation - utilise resources avoid repurchasing wasted inputs - TQM can be adapted to suit requirements
71
disadv of TQM
- requires time to be accustomed to TQM as culture shift - costly to introduce TQM, re-training employees

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