provides structure for guided improvisation
figured bass
Lied (pl. Lieder)
- the musical setting of a German poem
- for solo voice, generally with piano accompaniment
- flourished in the 19th century
a passage within a fugue In which neither subject nor answer is present
episode
solo concerto
- popular instrumental genre of the baroque era for soloist and orchestra
- generally in three movements: fast-slow-fast
- frequently employed ritornello form
- intended to showcase the virtuosity of the soloist
baroque practice of changing dynamics abruptly
terraced dynamics
monophonic texture
single line of unaccompanied melody
emerged in the classic era
sonata cycle
counterpoint
combination of to or more melodic lines
a structure employed in the first and third movements of the baroque concerto
ritornello form
allowed music to be performed “in tune” in all keys
equal temperament
often performed in aristocratic social settings and at outdoor events
serenade
the second statement of the main theme in a fugue
answer
word painting
- musical pictorialization
- music mirrors the literal meaning of the words
- achieved through melody, rhythm, or harmony
trio
contrasting middle section
emphasis on symmetry, balance, and proportion
classicism
polyphonic texture
combination of two or more melodic lines, also referred to as counterpoint
recitativo accompagnato
- Italian for “accompanies recitative”
- a speech-like, declamatory style of singing
- supported by instrumental ensemble or orchestra
- allows for greater connection with the text
- employed in opera, oratorio, and cantata
generally in two parts
French overture
intended to showcase the virtuosity of the soloist
solo concerto
serves as a unifying thread in a multi-movement composition
idée fixe
performed or “realized” by the basso continuo
figured bass
terraces dynamics
- baroque practice of changing dynamics abruptly
* results in stark contrast rather than gradual change
multi-movement orchestral genre
serenade
consists of recitatives, arias, ensembles, and choruses
oratorio
a highly structured, imitative contrapuntal composition
fugue
a single theme or subject prevails
fugue
music mirrors the literal meaning if the words
word painting
demonstrates vocal virtuosity and often serves to highlight key words
melisma
emits a ringing sound when struck with a mallet or hammer
cloches
ternary form
- three-part form (ABA)
- section B generally creates contrast in key and/or material
- often used in baroque arias
first part-slow tempo, homophonic textures, features dotted figures
French overture
menuet
a stylized dance of French origin developed in the baroque period
overlapping subject entries in close succession
stretto
in performance the return of section A is generally ornamented
da capo aria
menuet and trio
- menuet: a stylized dance of French origin developed in the baroque period
- in triple meter
- graceful, elegant character
- trio: contrasting middle section
- ternary form (ABA)
a sustained bass note the provides a rudimentary harmonic foundation
drone
second part-fast tempo, imitative texture
French overture
graceful, elegant character
menuet and trio
music for small ensemble (two to ten players)
chamber music
rapidly ascending melody outlining arpeggio
rocket theme
a large-scale work for soloists, choruses, and orchestra
oratorio
music without extra-musical associations
absolute music
generally in three movements: fast-slow-fast
solo concerto
ABACA or ABACABA
rondo form
from the Portuguese barroco meaning irregularly shaped it misshapen pearl
baroque
achieved through melody, rhythm, or harmony
word painting
supported by instrumental ensemble or orchestra
recitativo accompagnato
homorhythmic texture
- all voices sing the same rhythm
- results in a blocked chordal texture (homophonic)
- delivers the text with clarity and emphasis
homophonic texture
single line of melody supported by a harmonic accompaniment
oratorio
- a large-scale work for soloists, chorus, and orchestra
- serious subject, generally based on biblical texts
- consists of recitatives, arias, ensembles, and choruses
- developed in the baroque era
section A recurs, with alternating sections creating contrast
rondo form
are in a contrasting key; generally in the dominant or relative major (exposition)
second theme
a stylized dance of French origin developed in the baroque period
menuet
a sustained note over which harmonies change
pedal point
development
- the second main section in sonata form
- themes from the exposition are manipulated through fragmentation, sequential treatment or changes to orchestra
- modulations and increases harmonic tension
- new themes may also be introduced
rocket theme
- rapidly ascending melody outlining arpeggio
* often used as a dramatic opening motive in classical-era works
emphasis in creative imagination and expression
romanticism
contrasting middle section
trio
demonstrated in the symphony, sonata, or concerto
sonata cycle
serious subject, generally based on biblical texts
oratorio
pertains to the highest level of excellence
classicism
sonata form
- formal structure often used in first movement of sonata cycle
- consists of exposition (statement of two or more contrasting themes), development (departure), and recapitulation (return)
- also know as sonata-allegro form
themes from exposition are manipulated through fragmentation, sequential treatment or changes to orchestra
development
originally a vocal technique
portamento
modulations and increased harmonic tension
development
the third main section in sonata form
recapitulation
delivers the text with clarity and emphasis
homorhythmic texture
basso continuo
- baroque performance practice
- generally involves two performers-one playing the notated bass line, one realizing the harmonies as indicated by the figures bass
- harmonies usually played on harpsichord or organ
- provides harmonic framework
short melodic or rhythmic idea
motive
the most common song type in baroque opera and oratorio
da capo aria
origins can be traced it late 18th-century that served as inspiration for aft and music
romanticism
consists of exposition (statement of two or more contrasting themes), development (departure), and recapitulation (return)
sonata form
first and second themes are both restated in the tonic
recaptulation
generic titles reflecting tempos, genres, of forms
absolute music
nationalism in music
- important element of 19th-century musical style
- patriotism expressed trough music
- influence of folk song and dance, myths and legends, landscapes, historical events
stately Polish dance in triple meter transformed by Chopin into a virtuosic piano composition
polonaise
prelude
- a short keyboard work in improvisatory style
* often paired with a fugue
usually written by someone other than the composer
libretto
a song structure that avoids repetition of entire sections of the music
durchkomponiert (through-composed)
the initial statement of the main theme of a fugue
subject
the musical setting of a poem
- art song
* *German-Lied (pl.Lieder)
a recurring counter-melody
countersubject
one player per part
chamber music
pedal point
a sustained note over which harmonies change
recapitulation
- the third main section in sonata form
* first and second themes are restated in the tonic
chromaticism
- from Greek “khroma” for colour
- extensive use of notes outside the prevailing key signature
- increasingly used for heightened expression in 19th-century music
influence of folk sing and dance, nuts and legends, landscapes, historical events
nationalism in music
Viennese school
- refers to the musical style forged by Haydn, Mozart, and Beethoven and their contemporaries
- in late 18th century Vienna, Austria flourished as a musical centre
the text of an opera, oratorio, or cantata
libretto
from the Italian stringere, meaning “to tighten”
stretto
devised by Berlioz
idée fixe
often used as a dramatic opening motive in classical-era works
rocket theme
performing forces; violin I, violin II, viola, and cello
strong quartet
also known as “pure music”
absolute music
the second main section in sonata form
development
creates structural unity in a multi-movement work
cyclical structure
refers to the cultures of Ancient Rome and Greece as well as the art, architecture and music of the late 18th century
classicism
method of tuning keyboard instruments
equal temperament
romanticism
- origins can be traced to late 18th century literature that serves as inspiration for art and music
- reaction against classicism
- emphasis on creative imagination and expression of emotions
Italian for “jest” or “joke
scherzo and trio
durchkomponiert (through-composed)
- a song structure that avoids repetition of entire sections of the music
- as a result, melody, harmony, and piano accompaniment are able to reflect the meaning of the text
scherzo and trio
- Italian for “jest” or “joke”
- Beethoven substituted the scherzo in place of the menuet as the third movement in the sonata cycle
- also in triple meter, but generally more dramatic than the elegant menuet
- could be humerus or ironic
- a contrasting middle section was used, and an ABA form resulted (scherzo-trio-scherzo)
flourished in the 19th century
Lied (pl. Lieder)
often used in slow movement of sonata cycle
theme and variations
frequently used in baroque dances and keyboard pieces
binary form
exoticism in music
- important element if 19th-century musical style
- fascination with foreign lands and cultures
- evoked through melody, rhythm, harmony, and orchestration
in “Symphpnie Fantastique”, represents “the beloved”
idée fixe
cyclical structure
- material heard in one movement recurs in later movements
* creates structural unity in a multi-movement work
increasingly used for heightened expression in 19th-century music
chromaticism
serenade
- multi-movement orchestral genre
- for small orchestra or chamber ensemble
- popular instrumental genre in the classical era
- often performed in aristocratic social setting and outdoor events
in the tonic key (exposition)
first theme
exposition
- the first main section in sonata form
- two contrasting themes are stated
- the fist theme is in the tonic key
- the second theme(s) is in a contrasting key; generally in the dominant or relative major
subject
- the initial statement of the main theme if a fugue
* in the tonic key
most important chamber-music genre of the classical era
sonata form
often includes characteristic rhythmic figures
polonaise
French for “bells”
cloches
results in a blocked chordal texture (homophonic)
homorhythmic texture
cloches
- French for “bells”
- pitched percussion instrument
- emits a ringing sound when struck with a mallet or hammer
second theme(s) of an exposition
in a contrasting key;generally in the dominant or relative minor
new themes may also be introduced
development
binary form
- two-part form (AB)
- section A generally ends with open cadence
- frequently used in baroque dances and keyboard pieces
two-part musical form: A:||:B + A:||
rounded binary form
popular instrumental genre in the classical era
serenade
the first main section in sonata form
exposition
modelled after 18th-century symphony with grammatical elements
program symphony
an expressive device for interpreting music
rubato
extensive us of notes outside the prevailing key
chromaticism
section A heard three times or more in the tonic key
rondo form
baroque
- from the Portuguese barroco meaning irregularly shaped or misshapen pearl
- first used as a derogatory term in reference to the overly ornate are of the era
- now applied to art, architecture, and music of the 17th and early 18th century
usually in four movements: fast-slow-moderately fast-fast
string quartet
some works include a written text or “program” provided by the composer
program music
a group of notes sung on a single syllable/vowel
melisma
rubato
- Italian for “robbed time”
- rhythmic flexibility-speeding up or slowing down
- an expressive device for interpreting music
rhythmic flexibility-speeding up or slowing down
rubato
Italian for “with the wood”
col legno
musical pictorialization
word painting
libretto
•the text of an opera, oratorio, or cantata
predecessor of the tuba
ophicléide
first theme of an exposition
in the tonic key
usually performed without a conductor
chamber music
descriptive title identifies the connection
program music
Italian die “full” or “complete”
ripieno
for small orchestra or chamber ensemble
serenade
coda
- Latin for “tail” (cauda)
* a concluding section reaffirming the tonic key
answer
- the second statement of the main theme in a fugue
* usual in the dominant key
program symphony
- 19th-century multi-movement orchestral work
- modelled after 18th-century symphony with programmatic elements
- includes a descriptive title
- accompanying text often outlines the program
idée fixe
- French for “fixed idea”
- devised by Berlioz
- a recurring theme which undergoes transformation
- serves as a unifying thread in a multi-movement composition
- in “Symphonie Fantastique”, represents “the beloved”
a baroque orchestral genre
French overture
Beethoven substituted it in place of the menuet in the sonata cycle
scherzo
recitativo secco
- Italian for “dry recitative”
- a speech-like, declamatory style of singing
- supported only by continuo
- employed in opera, oratorio, and cantata
coda
- Latin for “tail” (cauda)
* a concluding section reaffirming the tonic key
important element of the 19th-century musical style
- exoticism in music
* nationalism in music
countersubject
- a recurring counter-melody
* accompanies entries of the subject and answer
Italian for “robbed time”
rubato
could be humorous or ironic
scherzo and trio
from Greek “khroma” for colour
chromaticism
reaction against classicism
romanticism
string quartet
- most important chamber-music genre of the classical era
- performing forces; violin I, violin II, viola, and cello
- usually in four movements: fast-slow-moderately fast-fast
- first movement usually in sonata form
ophicléide
- brass instrument, now obsolete
* predecessor of the tuba
a statement of the subject in which one or more intervals is adjusted to accommodate the harmony
tonal answer
motive
- short melodic or rhythmic idea
* smallest unit unit to form a melody or theme
three-part form (ABA)
- ternary form
- da capo aria
- menuet and trio
Italian for “dry recitative”
recitativo secco
often used in baroque arias
ternary form
Latin for “tail” (cauda)
coda
often proud and majestic in character
polonaise
was a reaction against the complex polyphony of renaissance music
the “affections”
19th-century multi-movement orchestral work
program symphony
rounded binary form
- two-part musical form: A:||:B + A:||
* material form section A returns within section B
program music
- significant trend in 19th-century music
- instrumental music with extra-musical associations, (literary, poetic, visual)
- descriptive title identifies the connection
- some works include a written text or “program” provided by the composer
art song
- the musical setting of a poem
* for solo voice, generally with piano accompaniment
classical formal structure often used in sonata cycle
rondo form
melisma
- a group of notes sung on a single syllable/vowel
* demonstrates vocal virtuosity and often serves to highlight key words
Latin for “day of wrath”
Dies irae
tonal answer
a statement of the subject in which one or more intervals is adjusted to accommodate the harmony
material heard in one movement recurs in later movements
cyclical structure
classicism
- pertains to the highest level of excellence
- possessing ensuring value or timeless quality
- refers to the cultures of Ancient Rome and Greece as well as the art, architecture, and music of the late 18th century
- emphasis in symmetry, balance, and proportion
*Baroque music had no clarity because of polyphony
polonaise
- stately polish dance in triple meter transformed by Chopin into a virtuosic piano composition
- often proud and majestic in character
- often includes characteristic rhythmic figures (ex. 4.3)
instrumental music with extra-associations, (literary, poetic, visual)
program music
in late 18th century Vienna, Austria flourished as a musical centre
Viennese school
all voices sing the same rhythm
homorhythmic
for solo voice, generally with piano accompaniment
- art song
* Lied (pl. Lieder)
as a result, melody, harmony, and piano accompaniment are able to reflect the meaning of the text
durchkomponiert (through-composed)
evoked through melody, rhythm, harmony, and orchestration
exoticism in music
significant trend in the 19th-century music
program music
also known as sonata-allegro form
sonata form
patriotism expressed through music
nationalism in music
material from section A returns within section B
rounded binary form
formal structure often used in first movement of sonata cycle
sonata form
Italian for “accompanied recitative”
recitativo accompagnato
theme and variations
- a melody is stated and then undergoes a series of transformations
- changes can be made to melody, harmony, rhythm, or orchestration
- often used in slow movement of sonata cycle
fascination with foreign lands and cultures
exoticism in music
A shirt keyboard work in improvisatory style
prelude
a melody is stated and then undergoes a series of transformations
theme and variations
pitched percussion instrument
cloches
the “affections”
- a baroque philosophy inspired by Ancient Greek and Roman writers and orators
- refers to emotional states of the soul
- in baroque music, a single “affection” (one clear emotion) is usually projected through an entire composition or movement
- vocal music depicted he emotions of the text or dramatic situation
- was a reaction against the complex polyphony of Renaissance music
- also referred to as the “doctrine of affections”
smallest unit used to form a melody or theme
motive
a speech-like, declamatory style of singing
- recitativo accompagnato
* recitativo secco
refers to the musical style forged by Haydn, Mozart, and Beethoven and his contemporaries
Viennese school
multi-movement structure
sonata cycle
often changes can be made to melody, harmony, rhythm, or orchestration
theme and variations
accompanies entries of the subject and answer
countersubject
figured bass
- a type of musical shorthand developed in the baroque era
- numbers are placed below the bass line to show harmonic progression
- performed or “realized” by the basso continuo
- provides the structure for guided improvisation
first movement usually in sonata form
string quartet
chamber music
- music for small ensemble (two to ten players)
- one player per part
- usually performed without a conductor
fugue
- a highly structured, imitative contrapuntal composition
* a single theme or subject prevails
a common mannerism in baroque music
tierce de picardie
absolute music
- music without extra-musical associations
* also known as “pure music”
supported only by continuo
recitativo secco
a technique of sliding smoothly from one note to the next
portamento
often paired with a fugue
prelude
employed in opera, oratorio, and cantata
- recitativo secco
* recitativo accompagnato
two contrasting themes are stated
exposition
ostinato
- Italian for “obstinate” or “persistent”
* a rhythmic or melodic pattern repeated for an extended period
real answer
an exact transposition of the subject
refers to emotional states of the soul
the “affections”
col legno
- Italian for “with the wood”
- novel string effect invented by Berlioz
- players tap on the strings with the wooden parts of their bows
French overture
- a baroque orchestral genre
- first developed at court of Louis XIV by Jean-Baptiste Lully
- generally in two parts
- first part-slow temp, homorhythmic texture, features dotted figures
- second part-fast tempo, imitative texture
rondo form
- classical formal structure often used in sonata cycle
* section A recurs, with alternating sections creating contrast
a work in a minor key ends in the tonic major (raised 3rd)
tierce de picardie
possessing enduring value or timeless quality
classicism
generally involves two performers-one playing the notated bass line, one realizing the harmonies as indicated by the figure bass
basso continuo
sonata cycle
- emerged in the classical era
- multi-movement structure
- demonstrated in the symphony, sonata, or concerto
ritornello form
- a structure employed in the first and third movements of the baroque concerto
- the opening passage (ritornello) is re-stated throughout the movement
single line of unaccompanied melody
monophonic texture
frequently employed ritornello form
solo concerto
a rhythmic it melodic pattern repeated take an extended letkkd
ostinato
da capo aria
- the most common song type in baroque opera and oratorio
- three-part structure (ternary form): ABA
- in performance the return of section A is generally ornamented
an exact transposition of the subject
real answer
Dies irae
- Latin for “day of wrath”
- a monophonic chant melody dating from late Middle Ages
- drawn from Roman Catholic requiem (Mass for the Dead)
- 19th-century audiences would have associated the tune with funeral services
popular instrumental genre of the baroque era for soloist and orchestra
solo concerto
novel string effect invented by Berlioz
col legno
first developed at court of Louis XIV by Jean-Baptiste Lully
French overture
all semitones within the octave are divided equally; created enharmonic equivalents (C sharp/D flat)
equal temperament
tierce de picardie
- a work in a minor key ends in the tonic major (raised 3rd)
* a common mannerism in baroque music
the opening passage is re-stated throughout the movement
ritornello form
section A generally ends with open cadence
binary form
Italian for “obstinate” or “persistent”
ostinato
ripieno
- Italian for “full” or “complete”
* a term used to denote the use of the full orchestra in the baroque concerto
numbers are placed below the bass line to show harmonic progression
figured bass
harmonies usually played on harpsichord or organ
basso continuo
first used as a derogatory term in reference to the overly ornate art if the era
baroque
section B generally creates contrast in key and/or material
ternary form
now applied to art, architecture, and music of the 17th and early 18th centuries
baroque
single line of melody supported by a harmonic accompaniment
homophonic texture
19th-century audiences would have associated the tune with funeral service
Dies irae
stretto
- from the Italian stringere, meaning “to tighten”
* overlapping subject entries in close succession
equal temperament
- method of tuning keyboard instruments
- all semitones within the octave are divided equally; created enharmonic equivalents (C sharp/D flat)
- allowed music to be performed “in then” in all keys
drone
- a sustained bass note that provides a rudimentary harmonic foundation
- common in folk music
a baroque philosophy inspired by Ancient Greek and Roman writers and orators
the “affections”
two-part form (AB)
binary form
provides harmonic framework
basso continuo
a monophonic chant melody dating from late Middle Ages
Dies irae
also referred to as the “doctrine of affections”
the “affections”
a term used it denote the use if the full orchestra in the baroque era
ripieno
common in folk music
•drone
French for “fixed idea”
idée fixe
vocal music depicted the emotions or the test or dramatic situation
the “affections”
a type if musical shorthand developed I the baroque era
figured bass
baroque performance practice
basso continuo
combination of two or more melodic lines
- counterpoint
* polyphonic texture
adapted by Berlioz as a novel instrumental technique
portamento
players tap on the strings with the wooden parts of their bows
col legno
Italian for “carrying”
portamento
includes a descriptive title
program symphony
a recurring theme which undergoes transformations
idée fixe
Accompanying text often outlines the program
program symphony
drawn from Roman Catholic requiem (Mass for the dead)
Dies irae
portamento
- Italian for “carrying”
- a technique of sliding smoothly from on note to the next
- originally a vocal technique
- adapted by Berlioz as a novel instrumental technique
brass instrument, now obsolete
ophicléide
in triple metre
- scherzo and trio
- menuet and trio
- polonaise