Definitions Flashcards
0
Q
provides structure for guided improvisation
A
figured bass
1
Q
Lied (pl. Lieder)
A
- the musical setting of a German poem
- for solo voice, generally with piano accompaniment
- flourished in the 19th century
2
Q
a passage within a fugue In which neither subject nor answer is present
A
episode
3
Q
solo concerto
A
- popular instrumental genre of the baroque era for soloist and orchestra
- generally in three movements: fast-slow-fast
- frequently employed ritornello form
- intended to showcase the virtuosity of the soloist
4
Q
baroque practice of changing dynamics abruptly
A
terraced dynamics
5
Q
monophonic texture
A
single line of unaccompanied melody
6
Q
emerged in the classic era
A
sonata cycle
7
Q
counterpoint
A
combination of to or more melodic lines
8
Q
a structure employed in the first and third movements of the baroque concerto
A
ritornello form
9
Q
allowed music to be performed “in tune” in all keys
A
equal temperament
10
Q
often performed in aristocratic social settings and at outdoor events
A
serenade
11
Q
the second statement of the main theme in a fugue
A
answer
12
Q
word painting
A
- musical pictorialization
- music mirrors the literal meaning of the words
- achieved through melody, rhythm, or harmony
13
Q
trio
A
contrasting middle section
14
Q
emphasis on symmetry, balance, and proportion
A
classicism
15
Q
polyphonic texture
A
combination of two or more melodic lines, also referred to as counterpoint
16
Q
recitativo accompagnato
A
- Italian for “accompanies recitative”
- a speech-like, declamatory style of singing
- supported by instrumental ensemble or orchestra
- allows for greater connection with the text
- employed in opera, oratorio, and cantata
17
Q
generally in two parts
A
French overture
18
Q
intended to showcase the virtuosity of the soloist
A
solo concerto
19
Q
serves as a unifying thread in a multi-movement composition
A
idée fixe
20
Q
performed or “realized” by the basso continuo
A
figured bass
21
Q
terraces dynamics
A
- baroque practice of changing dynamics abruptly
* results in stark contrast rather than gradual change
22
Q
multi-movement orchestral genre
A
serenade
23
Q
consists of recitatives, arias, ensembles, and choruses
A
oratorio
24
a highly structured, imitative contrapuntal composition
fugue
25
a single theme or subject prevails
fugue
26
music mirrors the literal meaning if the words
word painting
27
demonstrates vocal virtuosity and often serves to highlight key words
melisma
28
emits a ringing sound when struck with a mallet or hammer
cloches
29
ternary form
* three-part form (ABA)
* section B generally creates contrast in key and/or material
* often used in baroque arias
30
first part-slow tempo, homophonic textures, features dotted figures
French overture
31
menuet
a stylized dance of French origin developed in the baroque period
32
overlapping subject entries in close succession
stretto
33
in performance the return of section A is generally ornamented
da capo aria
34
menuet and trio
* menuet: a stylized dance of French origin developed in the baroque period
* in triple meter
* graceful, elegant character
* trio: contrasting middle section
* ternary form (ABA)
35
a sustained bass note the provides a rudimentary harmonic foundation
drone
36
second part-fast tempo, imitative texture
French overture
37
graceful, elegant character
menuet and trio
39
music for small ensemble (two to ten players)
chamber music
40
rapidly ascending melody outlining arpeggio
rocket theme
41
a large-scale work for soloists, choruses, and orchestra
oratorio
42
music without extra-musical associations
absolute music
43
generally in three movements: fast-slow-fast
solo concerto
44
ABACA or ABACABA
rondo form
45
from the Portuguese barroco meaning irregularly shaped it misshapen pearl
baroque
46
achieved through melody, rhythm, or harmony
word painting
47
supported by instrumental ensemble or orchestra
recitativo accompagnato
48
homorhythmic texture
* all voices sing the same rhythm
* results in a blocked chordal texture (homophonic)
* delivers the text with clarity and emphasis
49
homophonic texture
single line of melody supported by a harmonic accompaniment
50
oratorio
* a large-scale work for soloists, chorus, and orchestra
* serious subject, generally based on biblical texts
* consists of recitatives, arias, ensembles, and choruses
* developed in the baroque era
51
section A recurs, with alternating sections creating contrast
rondo form
52
are in a contrasting key; generally in the dominant or relative major (exposition)
second theme
53
a stylized dance of French origin developed in the baroque period
menuet
54
a sustained note over which harmonies change
pedal point
55
development
* the second main section in sonata form
* themes from the exposition are manipulated through fragmentation, sequential treatment or changes to orchestra
* modulations and increases harmonic tension
* new themes may also be introduced
56
rocket theme
* rapidly ascending melody outlining arpeggio
| * often used as a dramatic opening motive in classical-era works
57
emphasis in creative imagination and expression
romanticism
58
contrasting middle section
trio
59
demonstrated in the symphony, sonata, or concerto
sonata cycle
60
serious subject, generally based on biblical texts
oratorio
61
pertains to the highest level of excellence
classicism
62
sonata form
* formal structure often used in first movement of sonata cycle
* consists of exposition (statement of two or more contrasting themes), development (departure), and recapitulation (return)
* also know as sonata-allegro form
63
themes from exposition are manipulated through fragmentation, sequential treatment or changes to orchestra
development
64
originally a vocal technique
portamento
65
modulations and increased harmonic tension
development
66
the third main section in sonata form
recapitulation
67
delivers the text with clarity and emphasis
homorhythmic texture
68
basso continuo
* baroque performance practice
* generally involves two performers-one playing the notated bass line, one realizing the harmonies as indicated by the figures bass
* harmonies usually played on harpsichord or organ
* provides harmonic framework
69
short melodic or rhythmic idea
motive
70
the most common song type in baroque opera and oratorio
da capo aria
71
origins can be traced it late 18th-century that served as inspiration for aft and music
romanticism
72
consists of exposition (statement of two or more contrasting themes), development (departure), and recapitulation (return)
sonata form
73
first and second themes are both restated in the tonic
recaptulation
74
generic titles reflecting tempos, genres, of forms
absolute music
75
nationalism in music
* important element of 19th-century musical style
* patriotism expressed trough music
* influence of folk song and dance, myths and legends, landscapes, historical events
76
stately Polish dance in triple meter transformed by Chopin into a virtuosic piano composition
polonaise
77
prelude
* a short keyboard work in improvisatory style
| * often paired with a fugue
78
usually written by someone other than the composer
libretto
79
a song structure that avoids repetition of entire sections of the music
durchkomponiert (through-composed)
80
the initial statement of the main theme of a fugue
subject
81
the musical setting of a poem
* art song
| * *German-Lied (pl.Lieder)
82
a recurring counter-melody
countersubject
83
one player per part
chamber music
84
pedal point
a sustained note over which harmonies change
85
recapitulation
* the third main section in sonata form
| * first and second themes are restated in the tonic
86
chromaticism
* from Greek "khroma" for colour
* extensive use of notes outside the prevailing key signature
* increasingly used for heightened expression in 19th-century music
87
influence of folk sing and dance, nuts and legends, landscapes, historical events
nationalism in music
88
Viennese school
* refers to the musical style forged by Haydn, Mozart, and Beethoven and their contemporaries
* in late 18th century Vienna, Austria flourished as a musical centre
89
the text of an opera, oratorio, or cantata
libretto
90
from the Italian stringere, meaning "to tighten"
stretto
91
devised by Berlioz
idée fixe
92
often used as a dramatic opening motive in classical-era works
rocket theme
93
performing forces; violin I, violin II, viola, and cello
strong quartet
94
also known as "pure music"
absolute music
95
the second main section in sonata form
development
96
creates structural unity in a multi-movement work
cyclical structure
97
refers to the cultures of Ancient Rome and Greece as well as the art, architecture and music of the late 18th century
classicism
99
method of tuning keyboard instruments
equal temperament
100
romanticism
* origins can be traced to late 18th century literature that serves as inspiration for art and music
* reaction against classicism
* emphasis on creative imagination and expression of emotions
102
Italian for "jest" or "joke
scherzo and trio
103
durchkomponiert (through-composed)
* a song structure that avoids repetition of entire sections of the music
* as a result, melody, harmony, and piano accompaniment are able to reflect the meaning of the text
104
scherzo and trio
* Italian for "jest" or "joke"
* Beethoven substituted the scherzo in place of the menuet as the third movement in the sonata cycle
* also in triple meter, but generally more dramatic than the elegant menuet
* could be humerus or ironic
* a contrasting middle section was used, and an ABA form resulted (scherzo-trio-scherzo)
105
flourished in the 19th century
Lied (pl. Lieder)
106
often used in slow movement of sonata cycle
theme and variations
107
frequently used in baroque dances and keyboard pieces
binary form
108
exoticism in music
* important element if 19th-century musical style
* fascination with foreign lands and cultures
* evoked through melody, rhythm, harmony, and orchestration
109
in "Symphpnie Fantastique", represents "the beloved"
idée fixe
110
cyclical structure
* material heard in one movement recurs in later movements
| * creates structural unity in a multi-movement work
111
increasingly used for heightened expression in 19th-century music
chromaticism
112
serenade
* multi-movement orchestral genre
* for small orchestra or chamber ensemble
* popular instrumental genre in the classical era
* often performed in aristocratic social setting and outdoor events
113
in the tonic key (exposition)
first theme
115
exposition
* the first main section in sonata form
* two contrasting themes are stated
* the fist theme is in the tonic key
* the second theme(s) is in a contrasting key; generally in the dominant or relative major
116
subject
* the initial statement of the main theme if a fugue
| * in the tonic key
117
most important chamber-music genre of the classical era
sonata form
118
often includes characteristic rhythmic figures
polonaise
119
French for "bells"
cloches
120
results in a blocked chordal texture (homophonic)
homorhythmic texture
122
cloches
* French for "bells"
* pitched percussion instrument
* emits a ringing sound when struck with a mallet or hammer
123
second theme(s) of an exposition
in a contrasting key;generally in the dominant or relative minor
124
new themes may also be introduced
development
125
binary form
* two-part form (AB)
* section A generally ends with open cadence
* frequently used in baroque dances and keyboard pieces
126
two-part musical form: A:||:B + A:||
rounded binary form
127
popular instrumental genre in the classical era
serenade
128
the first main section in sonata form
exposition
129
modelled after 18th-century symphony with grammatical elements
program symphony
130
an expressive device for interpreting music
rubato
131
extensive us of notes outside the prevailing key
chromaticism
132
section A heard three times or more in the tonic key
rondo form
133
baroque
* from the Portuguese barroco meaning irregularly shaped or misshapen pearl
* first used as a derogatory term in reference to the overly ornate are of the era
* now applied to art, architecture, and music of the 17th and early 18th century
134
usually in four movements: fast-slow-moderately fast-fast
string quartet
135
some works include a written text or "program" provided by the composer
program music
136
a group of notes sung on a single syllable/vowel
melisma
137
rubato
* Italian for "robbed time"
* rhythmic flexibility-speeding up or slowing down
* an expressive device for interpreting music
138
rhythmic flexibility-speeding up or slowing down
rubato
139
Italian for "with the wood"
col legno
140
musical pictorialization
word painting
141
libretto
•the text of an opera, oratorio, or cantata
142
predecessor of the tuba
ophicléide
143
first theme of an exposition
in the tonic key
144
usually performed without a conductor
chamber music
145
descriptive title identifies the connection
program music
146
Italian die "full" or "complete"
ripieno
147
for small orchestra or chamber ensemble
serenade
148
coda
* Latin for "tail" (cauda)
| * a concluding section reaffirming the tonic key
149
answer
* the second statement of the main theme in a fugue
| * usual in the dominant key
150
program symphony
* 19th-century multi-movement orchestral work
* modelled after 18th-century symphony with programmatic elements
* includes a descriptive title
* accompanying text often outlines the program
153
idée fixe
* French for "fixed idea"
* devised by Berlioz
* a recurring theme which undergoes transformation
* serves as a unifying thread in a multi-movement composition
* in "Symphonie Fantastique", represents "the beloved"
154
a baroque orchestral genre
French overture
155
Beethoven substituted it in place of the menuet in the sonata cycle
scherzo
156
recitativo secco
* Italian for "dry recitative"
* a speech-like, declamatory style of singing
* supported only by continuo
* employed in opera, oratorio, and cantata
157
coda
* Latin for "tail" (cauda)
| * a concluding section reaffirming the tonic key
158
important element of the 19th-century musical style
* exoticism in music
| * nationalism in music
159
countersubject
* a recurring counter-melody
| * accompanies entries of the subject and answer
160
Italian for "robbed time"
rubato
161
could be humorous or ironic
scherzo and trio
162
from Greek "khroma" for colour
chromaticism
163
reaction against classicism
romanticism
164
string quartet
* most important chamber-music genre of the classical era
* performing forces; violin I, violin II, viola, and cello
* usually in four movements: fast-slow-moderately fast-fast
* first movement usually in sonata form
165
ophicléide
* brass instrument, now obsolete
| * predecessor of the tuba
166
a statement of the subject in which one or more intervals is adjusted to accommodate the harmony
tonal answer
168
motive
* short melodic or rhythmic idea
| * smallest unit unit to form a melody or theme
169
three-part form (ABA)
* ternary form
* da capo aria
* menuet and trio
170
Italian for "dry recitative"
recitativo secco
171
often used in baroque arias
ternary form
172
Latin for "tail" (cauda)
coda
173
often proud and majestic in character
polonaise
174
was a reaction against the complex polyphony of renaissance music
the "affections"
175
19th-century multi-movement orchestral work
program symphony
176
rounded binary form
* two-part musical form: A:||:B + A:||
| * material form section A returns within section B
177
program music
* significant trend in 19th-century music
* instrumental music with extra-musical associations, (literary, poetic, visual)
* descriptive title identifies the connection
* some works include a written text or "program" provided by the composer
178
art song
* the musical setting of a poem
| * for solo voice, generally with piano accompaniment
179
classical formal structure often used in sonata cycle
rondo form
180
melisma
* a group of notes sung on a single syllable/vowel
| * demonstrates vocal virtuosity and often serves to highlight key words
181
Latin for "day of wrath"
Dies irae
182
tonal answer
a statement of the subject in which one or more intervals is adjusted to accommodate the harmony
183
material heard in one movement recurs in later movements
cyclical structure
184
classicism
* pertains to the highest level of excellence
* possessing ensuring value or timeless quality
* refers to the cultures of Ancient Rome and Greece as well as the art, architecture, and music of the late 18th century
* emphasis in symmetry, balance, and proportion
*Baroque music had no clarity because of polyphony
185
polonaise
* stately polish dance in triple meter transformed by Chopin into a virtuosic piano composition
* often proud and majestic in character
* often includes characteristic rhythmic figures (ex. 4.3)
186
instrumental music with extra-associations, (literary, poetic, visual)
program music
187
in late 18th century Vienna, Austria flourished as a musical centre
Viennese school
188
all voices sing the same rhythm
homorhythmic
189
for solo voice, generally with piano accompaniment
* art song
| * Lied (pl. Lieder)
190
as a result, melody, harmony, and piano accompaniment are able to reflect the meaning of the text
durchkomponiert (through-composed)
191
evoked through melody, rhythm, harmony, and orchestration
exoticism in music
192
significant trend in the 19th-century music
program music
193
also known as sonata-allegro form
sonata form
194
patriotism expressed through music
nationalism in music
195
material from section A returns within section B
rounded binary form
196
formal structure often used in first movement of sonata cycle
sonata form
197
Italian for "accompanied recitative"
recitativo accompagnato
198
theme and variations
* a melody is stated and then undergoes a series of transformations
* changes can be made to melody, harmony, rhythm, or orchestration
* often used in slow movement of sonata cycle
199
fascination with foreign lands and cultures
exoticism in music
200
A shirt keyboard work in improvisatory style
prelude
201
a melody is stated and then undergoes a series of transformations
theme and variations
202
pitched percussion instrument
cloches
203
the "affections"
* a baroque philosophy inspired by Ancient Greek and Roman writers and orators
* refers to emotional states of the soul
* in baroque music, a single "affection" (one clear emotion) is usually projected through an entire composition or movement
* vocal music depicted he emotions of the text or dramatic situation
* was a reaction against the complex polyphony of Renaissance music
* also referred to as the "doctrine of affections"
204
smallest unit used to form a melody or theme
motive
205
a speech-like, declamatory style of singing
* recitativo accompagnato
| * recitativo secco
206
refers to the musical style forged by Haydn, Mozart, and Beethoven and his contemporaries
Viennese school
207
multi-movement structure
sonata cycle
208
often changes can be made to melody, harmony, rhythm, or orchestration
theme and variations
209
accompanies entries of the subject and answer
countersubject
210
figured bass
* a type of musical shorthand developed in the baroque era
* numbers are placed below the bass line to show harmonic progression
* performed or "realized" by the basso continuo
* provides the structure for guided improvisation
211
first movement usually in sonata form
string quartet
212
chamber music
* music for small ensemble (two to ten players)
* one player per part
* usually performed without a conductor
213
fugue
* a highly structured, imitative contrapuntal composition
| * a single theme or subject prevails
214
a common mannerism in baroque music
tierce de picardie
215
absolute music
* music without extra-musical associations
| * also known as "pure music"
216
supported only by continuo
recitativo secco
217
a technique of sliding smoothly from one note to the next
portamento
218
often paired with a fugue
prelude
219
employed in opera, oratorio, and cantata
* recitativo secco
| * recitativo accompagnato
220
two contrasting themes are stated
exposition
221
ostinato
* Italian for "obstinate" or "persistent"
| * a rhythmic or melodic pattern repeated for an extended period
222
real answer
an exact transposition of the subject
223
refers to emotional states of the soul
the "affections"
224
col legno
* Italian for "with the wood"
* novel string effect invented by Berlioz
* players tap on the strings with the wooden parts of their bows
225
French overture
* a baroque orchestral genre
* first developed at court of Louis XIV by Jean-Baptiste Lully
* generally in two parts
* first part-slow temp, homorhythmic texture, features dotted figures
* second part-fast tempo, imitative texture
226
rondo form
* classical formal structure often used in sonata cycle
| * section A recurs, with alternating sections creating contrast
227
a work in a minor key ends in the tonic major (raised 3rd)
tierce de picardie
228
possessing enduring value or timeless quality
classicism
229
generally involves two performers-one playing the notated bass line, one realizing the harmonies as indicated by the figure bass
basso continuo
230
sonata cycle
* emerged in the classical era
* multi-movement structure
* demonstrated in the symphony, sonata, or concerto
231
ritornello form
* a structure employed in the first and third movements of the baroque concerto
* the opening passage (ritornello) is re-stated throughout the movement
232
single line of unaccompanied melody
monophonic texture
233
frequently employed ritornello form
solo concerto
234
a rhythmic it melodic pattern repeated take an extended letkkd
ostinato
235
da capo aria
* the most common song type in baroque opera and oratorio
* three-part structure (ternary form): ABA
* in performance the return of section A is generally ornamented
236
an exact transposition of the subject
real answer
237
Dies irae
* Latin for "day of wrath"
* a monophonic chant melody dating from late Middle Ages
* drawn from Roman Catholic requiem (Mass for the Dead)
* 19th-century audiences would have associated the tune with funeral services
238
popular instrumental genre of the baroque era for soloist and orchestra
solo concerto
239
novel string effect invented by Berlioz
col legno
240
first developed at court of Louis XIV by Jean-Baptiste Lully
French overture
241
all semitones within the octave are divided equally; created enharmonic equivalents (C sharp/D flat)
equal temperament
242
tierce de picardie
* a work in a minor key ends in the tonic major (raised 3rd)
| * a common mannerism in baroque music
243
the opening passage is re-stated throughout the movement
ritornello form
244
section A generally ends with open cadence
binary form
245
Italian for "obstinate" or "persistent"
ostinato
246
ripieno
* Italian for "full" or "complete"
| * a term used to denote the use of the full orchestra in the baroque concerto
247
numbers are placed below the bass line to show harmonic progression
figured bass
248
harmonies usually played on harpsichord or organ
basso continuo
249
first used as a derogatory term in reference to the overly ornate art if the era
baroque
250
section B generally creates contrast in key and/or material
ternary form
251
now applied to art, architecture, and music of the 17th and early 18th centuries
baroque
252
single line of melody supported by a harmonic accompaniment
homophonic texture
253
19th-century audiences would have associated the tune with funeral service
Dies irae
254
stretto
* from the Italian stringere, meaning "to tighten"
| * overlapping subject entries in close succession
255
equal temperament
* method of tuning keyboard instruments
* all semitones within the octave are divided equally; created enharmonic equivalents (C sharp/D flat)
* allowed music to be performed "in then" in all keys
256
drone
* a sustained bass note that provides a rudimentary harmonic foundation
* common in folk music
257
a baroque philosophy inspired by Ancient Greek and Roman writers and orators
the "affections"
258
two-part form (AB)
binary form
259
provides harmonic framework
basso continuo
260
a monophonic chant melody dating from late Middle Ages
Dies irae
261
also referred to as the "doctrine of affections"
the "affections"
262
a term used it denote the use if the full orchestra in the baroque era
ripieno
263
common in folk music
•drone
264
French for "fixed idea"
idée fixe
265
vocal music depicted the emotions or the test or dramatic situation
the "affections"
267
a type if musical shorthand developed I the baroque era
figured bass
268
baroque performance practice
basso continuo
269
combination of two or more melodic lines
* counterpoint
| * polyphonic texture
275
adapted by Berlioz as a novel instrumental technique
portamento
297
players tap on the strings with the wooden parts of their bows
col legno
299
Italian for "carrying"
portamento
302
includes a descriptive title
program symphony
306
a recurring theme which undergoes transformations
idée fixe
312
Accompanying text often outlines the program
program symphony
315
drawn from Roman Catholic requiem (Mass for the dead)
Dies irae
319
portamento
* Italian for "carrying"
* a technique of sliding smoothly from on note to the next
* originally a vocal technique
* adapted by Berlioz as a novel instrumental technique
319
brass instrument, now obsolete
ophicléide
332
in triple metre
* scherzo and trio
* menuet and trio
* polonaise
