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Psychology a2- Research Methods > Definitions > Flashcards

Definitions Flashcards

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0
Q

What is an independent variable (IV)?

A

The variable that the researcher changes

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1
Q

State all the ethics

A
  • consent
  • debrief
  • deception
  • right to withdraw
  • right to privacy
  • confidentiality
  • do not harm participants
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2
Q

What is the dependant variable (DV)?

A

The variable that the researcher measures

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3
Q

What does operationalise mean?

A

It is when you state how you will measure the IV and DV

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4
Q

What is an alternate hypothesis?

A

Opposite to a null hypothesis, states an outcome

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5
Q

What is a null hypothesis?

A

An hypothesis where there is no direction

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6
Q

What is a one-tailed hypothesis?

A

A hypothesis that states a direction positive or negative

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7
Q

What is a two-tailed hypothesis?

A

An hypothesis that could go either way

Eg. There will be a relationship between 1 and 2

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8
Q

What is the independent measures design?

A

Different participants are used in each conditions

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9
Q

What is the repeated measures design?

A

The same participants are used in every condition

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10
Q

What is matched pairs design?

A

The participants are matched on certain things

Eg. Over 50’s in condition 1

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11
Q

What are order effects?

A

The order in which conditions take place may effect the validity

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12
Q

What is counterbalancing?

A

When the sample is split in 2 and do the conditions in different orders

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13
Q

What is a laboratory experiment?

A

An experiment that takes place in controlled conditions in a lab

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14
Q

What is a field experiment?

A

An experiment done in a public place

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15
Q

What is a quasi experiment?

A

An experiment where the IV is naturally manipulated

Eg. 2 conditions of people with a disability and without

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16
Q

What are demand characteristics?

A

A change in the participants behaviour that makes them act how they believe the researcher wants them to act

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17
Q

What is a correlation?

A

The relationship between two variables

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18
Q

What is a positive correlation?

A

As one variable increases so does the other one

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19
Q

What is a negative correlation?

A

When one variable increases the other decreases

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20
Q

What is an observation?

A

When the researcher watches the participants

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21
Q

What is a covert observation?

A

When the researcher watches the participants without them knowing

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22
Q

What is an overt observation?

A

Participants know they’re being watched by the researchers

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23
Q

What is inter-rater reliability?

Study These Flashcards
A

All researchers use the same rating scale in order to compare them

24
What is a pilot study?
A study that is done to test if the actual study would work and to address any issues
25
What is time sampling?
An observation done over a certain decided period of time
26
What is event sampling?
When the researcher observes a certain behaviour which is noted every time it occurs
27
What is a self-report?
Surveys, questionnaires, interviews etc
28
What are open questions?
Questions that require more detailed answers
29
What are rating scales?
Using numbers to gage interest | Eg. on a scale of 1-10
30
What are closed questions?
Questions that require yes or no answers
31
What is researcher bias?
The researcher influences the results/ answers made by the participants
32
What is meant by target population?
The desired population for the experiment
34
What is opportunity sampling?
Taking people who are around at that time and having them take part in your experiment
35
What is meant by random sample?
Picking people at random out of a hat
36
What is a self-selected sample?
When the participants are volunteers
37
What is a snowball sample?
The participants that have been used are used to help gain the other participants
38
What are confounding variables?
Variables that can't be controlled but could effect the results
39
What are extraneous variable?
Variables that can't be controlled but could effect the results
40
What is ecological validity?
A natural environment increases how natural it is. | A lab experiment decreases how natural it is.
41
What is internal validity?
To see if the IV really has an effect on the DV
42
What is external validity?
Refers to whether the findings of a study really can be generalised
43
What is mundane realism?
The extent to which an activity is similar to activities in day to day life
44
What is reliability?
How consistent the measure is
45
What is quantitative research?
Explaining a phenomena by collecting numerical data calculated with maths
46
What are descriptive statistics/ central measures of tendency?
Mean, mode, median
47
What is generalisability?
Tells us if the research shows a likeliness to the wider population
48
What is meant by the term representative?
Whether the study shows a likeliness to the wider population
50
What is social desirability?
Acting/ answering questions in a way to make yourself seem acceptable
51
What is construct validity?
Whether the underlying theory that informs your research is correct Eg. Freud's theory
52
What is content validity?
When you measure the content you wish to measure.
53
What is face validity?
Whether it look like it's doing what it's supposed to do
54
What is test validity?
Whether it is testing what it aims to test
55
What is an average?
A number expressing a control or typical value of a set of scores
56
What is nominal data?
Categories (big/small)
57
What is ordinal data?
Rank (1st, 2nd, 3rd)
58
What is interval data?
Cm's, •C
59
What is ratio?
Cm, absolute zero

Psychology a2- Research Methods (1 decks)

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