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Psychology a2- Research Methods > Definitions > Flashcards

Definitions Flashcards

0
Q

What is an independent variable (IV)?

A

The variable that the researcher changes

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1
Q

State all the ethics

A
  • consent
  • debrief
  • deception
  • right to withdraw
  • right to privacy
  • confidentiality
  • do not harm participants
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2
Q

What is the dependant variable (DV)?

A

The variable that the researcher measures

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3
Q

What does operationalise mean?

A

It is when you state how you will measure the IV and DV

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4
Q

What is an alternate hypothesis?

A

Opposite to a null hypothesis, states an outcome

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5
Q

What is a null hypothesis?

A

An hypothesis where there is no direction

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6
Q

What is a one-tailed hypothesis?

A

A hypothesis that states a direction positive or negative

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7
Q

What is a two-tailed hypothesis?

A

An hypothesis that could go either way

Eg. There will be a relationship between 1 and 2

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8
Q

What is the independent measures design?

A

Different participants are used in each conditions

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9
Q

What is the repeated measures design?

A

The same participants are used in every condition

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10
Q

What is matched pairs design?

A

The participants are matched on certain things

Eg. Over 50’s in condition 1

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11
Q

What are order effects?

A

The order in which conditions take place may effect the validity

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12
Q

What is counterbalancing?

A

When the sample is split in 2 and do the conditions in different orders

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13
Q

What is a laboratory experiment?

A

An experiment that takes place in controlled conditions in a lab

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14
Q

What is a field experiment?

A

An experiment done in a public place

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15
Q

What is a quasi experiment?

A

An experiment where the IV is naturally manipulated

Eg. 2 conditions of people with a disability and without

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16
Q

What are demand characteristics?

A

A change in the participants behaviour that makes them act how they believe the researcher wants them to act

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17
Q

What is a correlation?

A

The relationship between two variables

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18
Q

What is a positive correlation?

A

As one variable increases so does the other one

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19
Q

What is a negative correlation?

A

When one variable increases the other decreases

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20
Q

What is an observation?

A

When the researcher watches the participants

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21
Q

What is a covert observation?

A

When the researcher watches the participants without them knowing

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22
Q

What is an overt observation?

A

Participants know they’re being watched by the researchers

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23
Q

What is inter-rater reliability?

A

All researchers use the same rating scale in order to compare them

24
Q

What is a pilot study?

A

A study that is done to test if the actual study would work and to address any issues

25
Q

What is time sampling?

A

An observation done over a certain decided period of time

26
Q

What is event sampling?

A

When the researcher observes a certain behaviour which is noted every time it occurs

27
Q

What is a self-report?

A

Surveys, questionnaires, interviews etc

28
Q

What are open questions?

A

Questions that require more detailed answers

29
Q

What are rating scales?

A

Using numbers to gage interest

Eg. on a scale of 1-10

30
Q

What are closed questions?

A

Questions that require yes or no answers

31
Q

What is researcher bias?

A

The researcher influences the results/ answers made by the participants

32
Q

What is meant by target population?

A

The desired population for the experiment

34
Q

What is opportunity sampling?

A

Taking people who are around at that time and having them take part in your experiment

35
Q

What is meant by random sample?

A

Picking people at random out of a hat

36
Q

What is a self-selected sample?

A

When the participants are volunteers

37
Q

What is a snowball sample?

A

The participants that have been used are used to help gain the other participants

38
Q

What are confounding variables?

A

Variables that can’t be controlled but could effect the results

39
Q

What are extraneous variable?

A

Variables that can’t be controlled but could effect the results

40
Q

What is ecological validity?

A

A natural environment increases how natural it is.

A lab experiment decreases how natural it is.

41
Q

What is internal validity?

A

To see if the IV really has an effect on the DV

42
Q

What is external validity?

A

Refers to whether the findings of a study really can be generalised

43
Q

What is mundane realism?

A

The extent to which an activity is similar to activities in day to day life

44
Q

What is reliability?

A

How consistent the measure is

45
Q

What is quantitative research?

A

Explaining a phenomena by collecting numerical data calculated with maths

46
Q

What are descriptive statistics/ central measures of tendency?

A

Mean, mode, median

47
Q

What is generalisability?

A

Tells us if the research shows a likeliness to the wider population

48
Q

What is meant by the term representative?

A

Whether the study shows a likeliness to the wider population

50
Q

What is social desirability?

A

Acting/ answering questions in a way to make yourself seem acceptable

51
Q

What is construct validity?

A

Whether the underlying theory that informs your research is correct
Eg. Freud’s theory

52
Q

What is content validity?

A

When you measure the content you wish to measure.

53
Q

What is face validity?

A

Whether it look like it’s doing what it’s supposed to do

54
Q

What is test validity?

A

Whether it is testing what it aims to test

55
Q

What is an average?

A

A number expressing a control or typical value of a set of scores

56
Q

What is nominal data?

A

Categories (big/small)

57
Q

What is ordinal data?

A

Rank (1st, 2nd, 3rd)

58
Q

What is interval data?

A

Cm’s, •C

59
Q

What is ratio?

A

Cm, absolute zero

Psychology a2- Research Methods (1 decks)

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