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Biology Unit 1 > Definitions > Flashcards

Definitions Flashcards

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0
Q

Pathogen

A

A microorganism that causes disease

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1
Q

Transmission

A

Passing pathogen from one individual to another

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2
Q

Correlation

A

The change in one variable that is reflected by change in another
E.g. As one factor increases so does another

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3
Q

Risk

A

A measurement of the probability that damage to health will occur as a result of a given hazard

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4
Q

Digestion

A

The physical and chemical breakdown of food

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5
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Splitting up molecules by adding water to them

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6
Q

Assimilation

A

Incorporating broken down molecules into body tissues/ using them in the process

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7
Q

Monomer

A

One of many small molecules combine to form a larger one

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8
Q

Polymer

A

A larger molecule that is made up of repeating smaller molecules

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9
Q

Condensation reaction

A

Reaction combining two monosaccharides where water is removed

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10
Q

Glycosidic Bond

A

The bond between two monosaccharides to (create a disaccharide)

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11
Q

Peptide bond

A

The bond between two amino acids

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12
Q

Polypeptide

A

A long chain of amino acids

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13
Q

Hydrogen bonds

A

Bonds between hydrogen and an electronegative atom

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14
Q

Activation energy

A

The minimum amount of energy needed to bring about a reaction

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15
Q

Active site

A

The region on an enzyme with the substrate fits

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16
Q

Substrate

A

The molecule on which the enzyme acts

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17
Q

Enzyme substrate complex

A

Formed when enzyme and a substrate fit together and form temporary bonds

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18
Q

Denature

A

Permanent changes in the structure of a protein
Enzymes active site changes shape to the substrate no longer fits
E.g. PH or temperature

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19
Q

Competitive inhibitor

A

A molecule that binds to the active site of the enzyme

Prevent substrate from reaching the active site

Temporary change

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20
Q

Resolution

A

The minimum distance apart two objects are, so that they look like separate objects under the microscope

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21
Q

Non-competitive inhibitor

A

Binds to the enzyme at a position other than the active site

Change the shape of the active site

Permanent change - substrate no longer complimentary to the active site

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22
Q

Cell fractionation

A

The process by which cells are broken up and organelles are separated out

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23
Q

Prokaryotic cells

A

Self select the nucleus and any membrane bound organelles

E.g. bacteria

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24
Eukaryotic cells
Cells that have a nucleus, chromosomes and other membrane bound organelles
25
Saturated lipids
Fatty acids with only C-C single bonds
26
Unsaturated lipids
Fatty acids with one or more C=C double bonds
27
Hydrophilic
Molecules attracted to water
28
Hydrophobic
Molecules attracted to fat
29
The fluid Mosaic model
The structure of the cell surface membrane and it's various molecules
30
Extrinsic proteins
Proteins on the surface of the bilayer
31
Intrinsic proteins
Proteins spanning the bilayer
32
Diffusion
The net movement of molecules or ions from a region of high concentration to region of low concentration E.g. facilitated diffusion
33
Osmosis
The passage of water from a region of high water potential to region of low water potential across a partially permeable membrane
34
Active transport
The movement of molecules or ions into or out of the cell from a region of the lower concentration to region of higher concentration using energy and carrier molecules
35
Ventilation
Breathing in and out of lungs
36
Pulmonary ventilation
Tidal volume X ventilation rate
37
Diffusion gradient
The movement of blood to help maintain diffusion gradients
38
Pulmonary fibrosis
The thickening of lung epithelia due to scarring
39
Asthma
An Allergic reaction where histamine is released and the airway linings become inflamed
40
Emphysema
Destruction of the elastic tissue in the lungs due to smoking
41
Atrial systole
Contraction of the atria
42
Ventricular systole
Contraction of the ventricles
43
Diastole
Relaxation of the heart
44
Cardiac output
The volume of blood pumped by one ventricle of the heart in one minute
45
Myogenic
Contraction of the heart is initiated from within the muscle itself
46
Sino atrial node (SAN)
Sends out the initial wave of electrical activity to make the atria contract
47
Atrio ventricular node (AVN)
Sends A wave of electrical activity down the bundle of His, making the ventricles contract from the base upwards
48
Atheroma
Fatty deposit on the wall of an artery
49
Thrombosis
When an Atheroma breaks and a blood clot form
50
Aneurysm
Weakend artery walls swell and may burst
51
myocardial infarction
A heart attack
52
Low-density lipoproteins
Transport cholesterol to tissues that may get deposited
53
High-density lipoproteins
Remove cholesterol from tissues
54
Non-specific defences
Did you not distinguish between one type of pathogen from another E.g. skin
55
Specific defences
Mechanisms that distinguish between different pathogens | E.g. lymphocytes
56
Phagocytosis
Pathogens are in golfed into vesicles (phagosomes) and are broken down by enzymes
57
Antigens
Part of an organism that is recognised as non-self and triggers an immune response
58
Cell mediated immunity
T lymphocytes recognise antigen-presenting cells that have been invaded and undergo mitosis to respond
59
Humoral immunity
Immunity involving B cells and antibodies
60
Antigenic variability
Viruses such as we have many different strains with different antigens on them
61
Antibodies
Proteins synthesised by B cells | Contain two heavy and two light chains
62
Antigen antibody complexes
Phone for an antigen is bind to specific site on the antibody
63
Monoclonal antibodies
Isolation and cleaning of a single type of antibody
64
Passive immunity
The introduction of antibodies from an outside source
65
Active immunity
Stimulation of Ab production by the individuals own immune system
66
Vaccination
The introduction of a substance into the body with the purpose of stimulating active immunity against a particular disease
67
Herd immunity
Vaccinating most of the population so that no one has the disease and transmission is stopped
68
What is peristalsis?
The muscular squeezing through the digestive system
69
What is a reducing sugar?
A sugar that can donate electrons | Reduce another chemical

Biology Unit 1 (7 decks)

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