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Definitions Flashcards

(79 cards)

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1
Q

Organic analogy

A

Society functions like a human body, every part is essential

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2
Q

Bourgeoisie

A

The ruling class, rich people

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3
Q

Proletariat

A

The working class, being exploited by the Beorgeoise

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4
Q

Norms

A

Actions that follow norms - the un-written rules of society

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5
Q

Values

A

Ideas or beliefs that are thought to be important and influence peoples behaviour

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6
Q

Value consensus

A

Everyone agrees on the same norms values an beleifs

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7
Q

Social solidarity

A

A solid working society, everything fits into place and supports eachother

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8
Q

Social construct

A

A value built by society and is different if different societies

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9
Q

Stereotypes

A

Derogatory, negative view of a group. Reduces large groups of people to one characteristics in order to mock

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10
Q

Ethnography

A

Participant observation, trying to understand a culture by getting stuck in

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11
Q

Ethnocentric

A

Viewing something from your cultures perspectives - biased results

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12
Q

High culture

A

Intellectual achievements in the field of art, science or literature - opera, ballet

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13
Q

Popular culture

A

Counter part of high culture, seen as inferior. Tastes of the lower socio-economic groups - beers, movies, chill

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14
Q

Ideology

A

A systematic set of ideas and beliefs in favour of a particular group.

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15
Q

Bourdieu - Capital

A

Capital refers to the skills, tastes, posture, clothing, mannerisms, material belongings, credentials ect that you gain through being part of a particular social class

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16
Q

Habitus

A

The habits that you develop, habitus also extends to our “tastes” for cultural objects such as art, food and clothing

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17
Q

Capitalism

A

Economy driven

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18
Q

Communism

A

Everyone is equal

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19
Q

Subcultures

A

Cultures within a dominant culture - goths, emos, punks, hipsters, skinheads

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20
Q

Globalisation

A

Nations are no longer isolated, ‘the world is getting smaller the gaps between cultures are getting smaller’. = global culture

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21
Q

Culturally Diverse

A

There’s a variety or norms and values between cultures

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22
Q

Intercultural diversity

A

Diversity between cultures - the IK and the Na

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23
Q

Intracultural diversity

A

Diversity within cultures - In Britan

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24
Q

Cultural Hybridity

A

`Merging two or more cultures together seen is aspects such as music, fashion and food - Jai Ho

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25
Subcultural capital (based on bordieu)
Can provide status within a subculture - e.g goths will paint their face white to show a higher status
26
Global culture
Cultural products are shared across the globe
27
Positivism - patterns
A regular form or sequence in which something happens or is conducted
28
Positivism - trends
A general direction in which something is developing or changing
29
Positivism - objectivity
Free from personal bias, judgement or prejudice.
30
Positivism - value freedom
Looking at something without your own values influencing the outcome of the research
31
Positivism - quantitative data
Data expressing a certain quantity, amount or range. Number data
32
Interpretivism - verstehen
Understanding the meaning of action from the persons point of view
33
Interpretivism - empathy
The ability to understand and share the feelings of someone else
34
Interpretivism - rapport
A relationship where the people are concerned with each others feelings or ideas and communicate well
35
Interpretivism - subjectivity
When someone's judgement is shaped by personal opinions and feelings instead of outside influences.
36
Interpretivism - researcher imposition
The researcher is making their own decisions and assumptions as to what is and isn't important - could miss important things
37
Interpretivism - reflexivity
Circular relationships between cause and effect. Both the cause and effect affecting one another in a relationship in which neither can be assigned as causes or effects.
38
Interpretivism - qualitative data
Information about qualities, rich, in-depth and detailed data
39
Key research concepts - validity
A tests ability to measure what it is supposed to measure
40
Key research concepts - reliability
The extent to which someone else could use your method and get the same results
41
Key research concepts - representativeness
A statistical population that accurately reflects the members of the target population
42
Key research concepts - generalisability
The ability to apply the conclusions to the entire population
43
Key concepts in the research process - factors influencing the choice of research topic
These could be limiting factors - ethics, time, cost, aims. Which method is more suitable
44
Key concepts in the research process - aims /hypothesis/research questions
What you are trying to answer/prove/disprove in your experiment
45
Key concepts in the research process - primary data
Data which is collected by the experimenter first hand
46
Key concepts in the research process - secondary data
Data which had already been collected by someone else
47
Key concepts in the research process - operationalisation
Defining variables/ concepts into measurable factors
48
Key concepts in the research process - pilot studies
A small study conducted as a 'test' for the bigger study, to iron out any kinks and to see if your experiment works
49
Key concepts in the research process - data collection
Gathering and measuring information on varibles in an established systematic fashion
50
Key concepts in the research process - respondent validation
When feedback is obtained from the participants about the accuracy of the data they have given and the researchers interpretation of that data
51
Key concepts in the research process - longitudinal studies
Doing a study over a period of time
52
Key concepts in the research process - interpretation of data
Assigning meaning to the information collected and determining the conclusions and significance of the findings
53
Key concepts in the research process - the relationship between sociology and social policy
An intense objective and scientific approach should be used in order to get social facts which are used by government to develop patterns of behaviour that benefit society as a whole.
54
Sampling techniques - random
Where everyone in the target population has an equal chance of being picked
55
Sampling techniques - systematic
Where sample members from a larger population are selected according to a random starting point (every Nth person) in
56
Sampling techniques - stratified
Where the target population is split into specific groups and then a random sample is taken from those groups in proportion to their size in the total population. (sample of 3, in a class there are 22 women and 11 men, in the sample there will be 2 women for every 1 man)
57
Sampling techniques - snowball
Where one participant is recruited, then they are asked to recruit other participants who fit the criteria of the research
58
Sampling techniques - volunteer
Where participants select themselves to be part of an experiment
59
Sampling techniques - opportunity
Where participants are selected merely on who is most readably available at the time
60
Sampling techniques - purposive
When the researcher chooses participants who they think are appropriate to the research - who suit their target population
61
Sampling techniques - quota
Where participants are selected to fill a quota, or amount
62
Research methods - questionnaires
A research method usually sent out to gain both qualitative and quantatitive data in a written format
63
Research methods - structured interviews
Where you go into an interview with a set list of questions and topics and you cannot deviate away from them.
64
Research methods - statistical data (official and non official data)
Which can be analysed easily
65
Research methods - content analysis
A research method used to analyse social life by interpreting words and images from documents
66
Research methods - observations (participant)
Where the participant is part of the behaviour being observed
67
Research methods - observations (non-participant)
Where the participant isn't part of the behaviour being observed
68
Research methods - observations (covert)
Where the person being observed is unaware they're being watched
69
Research methods - observations (overt)
Where the person being observed is aware they're being observed
70
Research methods - unstructured interviews
When you go into an interview with no set topics or questions
71
Research methods - semi structured interviews
When you go into an interview with some topics and questions but can explore unusual answers
72
Research methods - ethnography
Where the researcher observers society from the point of view of the subject...as if they were them
73
Mixed methods - triangulation
Validating data through cross verification from two or more sources
74
Mixed methods - methodological pluralism
Using multiple methods to gain both quantitative and qualitative data
75
Social desirability
Where participants change how they act or their responses so they will be viewed favourably by others and won't be judged
76
Demand characteristics
A subtle cue that makes participants aware of what the experimenter expects to find, or how they're meant to act
77
Hawthorne effect
Where individuals modify or improve their behaviour because they know their being observed
78
Self fulfilling prophecy and master status
Sent to prison Released from prison Master status as criminal Can't find a job, marriage breaks down can't make friends Find other people who define themselves as criminals and status is accepted Engages in criminal acts and gets cause by the police Deviant label confirmed REPEAT
79
What are the steps to the selective filter model
Perception: Audience chooses to accept the messages being conveyed, may accept some of the messages and ignore others Retention: Audience must remember the content for it to have an affect on them. We retain things we relate to/like/are shocking or peculiar Exposure: Audience has a choice to engage with the media content they're exposed to, must choose to view/listen/read the content.

Sociology (2 decks)

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