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definitions Flashcards

1
Q

Atomic number

A

The number of protons in one atom of an element

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2
Q

Mass number

A

The sum of the number of protons + the number of neutrons in 1 atom of an element

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3
Q

Isotopes

A

Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons and, therefore, different masses

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4
Q

Orbital

A

A region of space around the nucleus of an atom that can be occupied by up to 2 electrons, with opposite spins

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5
Q

First ionisation energy

A

Energy needed to remove one mole of electrons from one mole of gaseous atoms of an element (X(g) —-> X+(g) + e-)

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6
Q

Ionic bonding

A

The electrostatic attraction between positive and negative ions

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7
Q

Cation/anion

A

A cation is a positive ion; and an anion is a negative ion

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8
Q

Covalent bonding

A

The attraction between a shared pair of electrons and the nuclei of the bonded atoms

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9
Q

Dative covalent bonding

A

The attraction between the shared pair of electrons and the nuclei of two atoms, with both of the shared electrons are provided by the same atom

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10
Q

Metallic bonding

A

The attraction between a lattice of positive ions and the sea of delocalised electrons

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11
Q

Electronegativity

A

The ability of an atom to attract the bonding electrons in a covalent bond

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12
Q

Polar bond

A

A covalent bond in which the electrons are shared unequally between two atoms, as a result of an electronegativity difference between the atoms involved

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13
Q

Intermolecular forces

A

Attractive forces between molecules

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14
Q

Relative atomic mass (Ar)

A

weighted mean mass of an atom of an element relative to 1/12 of the mass of an atom of carbon 12

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15
Q

Relative isotopic mass

A

Mass of one atom of an isotopes of an element relative to 1/12 of the mass of an atom of carbon 12. (N.B. Not average mass here)

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16
Q

Mole

A

The amount of a substance that contains the same number of particles as there are atoms in exactly 12 g of carbon 12

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17
Q

Molar mass

A

The mass of one mole of a substance (i.e.: the mass of the amount of a substance that contains the same number of particles as there are atoms in exactly 12 g of carbon 12)

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18
Q

Avogadro’s constant

A

The number of particles in one mole of a substance. (Its value is 6.02×10 to the 23 - remember this is given on the data sheet)

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19
Q

Acid

A

A proton donor (H+ ion) donor. An acid disassociates into ions in water

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20
Q

Base

A

A proton acceptor

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21
Q

Alkali

A

A bass that dissolves in water releasing hydroxide ions OH-(aq) into the aqueous solution

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22
Q

Salt

A

A compound formed when the H+ in acid is replaced by a metal ion or NH4+ ion

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23
Q

Neutralisation

A

Reaction of an acid with a base to form a salt

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24
Q

Periodicity

A

A repeating pattern of properties across different periods

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25
Oxidation
Loss of electrons/oxidation state becomes more positive
26
Reduction
Gain of electrons/oxidation state becomes less positive
27
Disproportionation
Reaction involving oxidation and reduction of the same element
28
Standard conditions
1 atm pressure and that the temperature of 25° (unless otherwise stated)
29
Standard state
The state (solid/liquid/gas) a substance exists in, under standard conditions
30
Enthalpychange of reaction
Enthalpy change associated with a stated equation
31
Enthalpy change of formation
Enthalpy change when one mole of a compound is formed from its elements
32
Enthalpy change combustion
Enthalpy Change for complete combustion of one mole of a substance
33
Enthalpy change of neutralisation
Enthalpy change when one mole of water is formed in a neutralisation reaction
34
Average bond Enthalpy
Enthalpy change when one mole of bonds in gaseous molecules are broken (average of this value for a range of substances)
35
Hess' law
The Enthalpy change is independent of the route taken
36
Catalyst
A substance that increases the rate of a reaction without itself being used up. It does this by providing an alternative pathway with a lower activation energy
37
Homogenius/heterogeneous
In the same phase/in different phases
38
Le Chatelier's principle
If the system is at equilibrium and one of the conditions is changed, the equilibrium shifts in the direction that opposes the change
39
Homologous series
A series of organic compounds all having the same functional group but with each successive member differing by CH2
40
General formula
And algebraic formula (using n) that represents all the members of a homologous series
41
Functional group
A group of atoms responsible for the characteristic reactions of a compound
42
Alkyl group
A part of the molecule with general formula CNH2n+1 (E.g. methyl, ethyl, etc)
43
Aliphatic
And organic compound or group that does not contain an aromatic ring
44
Alicyclic
And organic compound or group that contains a non-aromatic ring (e.g. cyclohexene or a cyclohexyl group)
45
Aromatic
And organic compound or compound containing a benzene ring
46
Saturated
And organic compound or group with only single bonds between carbon atoms
47
Unsaturated
And organic compound or group containing multiple bonds between carbon atoms
48
Structural isomers
Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formula
49
Stereoisomers
Compounds with the same structural formula but different arrangement in space
50
Homolytic fission
Covalent bond breaking in which each of the bonded atoms receives one electron from the shared pair, forming to radicals
51
Heterolytic fission
Covalent bond breaking, in which one of the bonded atoms receives both electrons from the shared pair
52
Sigma minus bond
Covalent bond formed by overlap of orbitals directly between the nuclei of the bonded atoms
53
Pi minus bond
A covalent bond formed by sideways overlap of P-orbitals, above and below the plane of the bonded atoms
54
Radical
A species with an unpaired electron
55
Electrophile
An electron pair acceptor
56
Nucleophile
An electron pair donor
57
Hydrolysis
A reaction in which a compound is broken down by reaction with water
58
Quickfit
Apparatus for carrying out chemical processes, in which bits are connected together via ground glass joints
59
Volatility
Ease of evaporation
60
Reflux
A continuous cycle of evaporation, condensation and return to the original vessel
61
Percentage yield
(Actual yield/maximum possible yield) X 100
62
Atom economy
(Mr of desired products/some of Mr of all products) X 100

Chemistry Reactions (3 decks)

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