definitions

Question 1

Organic molecules

Answer 1

molecules containing carbon

Question 2

hydrocarbon

Answer 2

Organic compound that consists of only hydrogen and carbon

Question 3

Homologous series

Answer 3

A series of organic compounds that can be described by the same general formula (same functional group)

Question 4

Saturated compounds

Answer 4

Compounds in which there are no multiple bonds between C atoms in their hydrocarbon chains

Question 5

unsaturated compounds

Answer 5

compounds with one or more multiple bonds between C atoms in their hydrocarbon chains

Question 6

Functional group

Answer 6

A bond or an atom or a group of atoms that determine(s) the physical and chemical properties of a group of organic compounds.

Question 7

Isomer

Answer 7

Organic molecules with the same molecular formula, but a different structure formula

Question 8

Macromolecule (plastics)

Answer 8

a molecule that consists of a large number of atoms

Question 9

Polymer

Answer 9

A large molecule composed of smaller monomer units covalently bonded to each other in a repeating pattern

Question 10

monomer

Answer 10

small organic molecule that can be covalently bonded to each other in a repeating pattern.

Question 11

polymerisation

Answer 11

a chemical reaction in which monomer molecules join to form a polymer

Question 12

Addition polymerisation

Answer 12

a reaction in which small molecules join to form very large molecules (by adding onto their double bonds)
eg ethene to polyethene

Question 13

condensation polymerisation

Answer 13

monomers of two monomers with different functional groups undergo condensation reactions with the loss of small molecules, usually water

Question 14

condensation polymer

Answer 14

a polymer formed by two monomers with different functional groups that are linked together in a condensation reaction in which a small molecule usually water is lost

Question 15

exothermic reaction

Answer 15

reaction that releases energy

Question 16

endothermic

Answer 16

reaction that absorbs energy

Question 17

activation energy

Answer 17

minimum energy needed for a reaction to take place

Question 18

activated complex

Answer 18

unstable transition state from reactants to products

Question 19

reaction rate

Answer 19

change in concentration of reactants or products per unit time

Question 20

positive catalyst

Answer 20

increases the rate of a chemical reaction without itself undergoing a permanent change

Question 21

Open vs closed system

Answer 21

Open - interacts with the enviroment around it

closed- isolated from its surroundings

Question 22

reversible reaction

Answer 22

products can be converted back into reactants

Question 23

Chemical equilibrium

Answer 23

It is a dynamic equilibrium when the rate of the forward reaction equals the rate of the reverse reaction.

Question 24

Le Chatelier’s Principle:

Answer 24

When the equilibrium in a closed system is disturbed, the system will re-instate a new equilibrium by favouring the reaction that will oppose the disturbance

Question 25

Arrhenius theory (acid and base)

Answer 25

An acid is a substance that produces hydrogen ions (H^+) / hydronium ions (H3O^+) when it dissolves in water. A base is a substance that produces hyroxide ions (OH^-) when it dissolves in water

Question 26

lowry Bronsted theory

Answer 26

An acid is a proton (H+) donor. A base is a proton (H+) acceptor.

Question 27

Strong acid:

Answer 27

Ionise completely in water to form a high concentration if H3O^+ inons. HCL HNO3 H2SO4

Question 28

Weak acids:

Answer 28

ionise incompletely (low concentration of hydronium ions) Organic acids eg ethanoic and oxalic acid

Question 29

Strong bases

Answer 29

dissociate completely to form a high concentration of hydroxide ions eg sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide

Question 30

Weak bases

Answer 30

dissociate/ ionise incompletely in water to form a low concentration of hydroxide ions. Eg ammonia, calcium carbonate, potassium carbonate, sodium hydrogen carbonate.

Question 31

Hydrolysis

Answer 31

Reaction of alt with water

Question 32

equivalence point of a titration

Answer 32

point at which the acid/ base has completely reacted with the base / acid

Question 33

Endpoint of titration

Answer 33

point where the indicator changes colour

Question 34

Galvanic cell

Answer 34

A cell in which chemical energy is converted into electrical energy. (has selfsustaining electrode reactions) (spontaneous chemical reactions)

Question 35

Electrolytic cell

Answer 35

Electrical energy is converted into chemical energy

Question 36

Oxidising agent

Answer 36

A substance that is reduced (gains e)

Question 37

Reducing agent

Answer 37

A substance that is oxidised (looses e)

Question 38

Anode

Answer 38

electrode where oxidation takes place

Question 39

Cathode.

Answer 39

Electrode where reduction takes place

Question 40

Electrolyte

Answer 40

A solution that conducts electricity through the movement of ions

Question 41

electrolysis

Answer 41

Chemical process in which electrical energy is converted to chemical energy OR the use of electrical energy to produce a chemical change

Question 42

Eutrophication

Answer 42

an ecosystem eg river becomes enriched with inorganic plant nutrients (fertilizer run off especially P and N) resulting in excessive plant growth. Leads to too little dissolved oxygen in the water (fish die)