Definitions

Question 1

Hypermetropia

Answer 1

Hypermetropia or long sightedness is the refractive state of the eye wherein parallel rays of light coming from infinity are focused behind the retina with accommodation at rest

Question 2

Aphakia

Answer 2

Absence of crystalline lens from the eye

Question 3

Pseudophakia

Answer 3

The condition of aphakia when corrected with an IOL implant

Question 4

Myopia

Answer 4

Myopia or shortsightedness is a type of refractive error in which parallel rays of light coming from infinity are focused in front of the retina with accommodation at rest

Question 5

Astigmatism

Answer 5

Astigmatism is a type of refractive error wherein the refraction varies in different meridia of the eye. Consequently, the rays of light entering the eye cannot converge to a point focus but form focal lines

Question 6

Sturm’s conoid

Answer 6

The configuration of rays refracted through a toric surface is called the Sturm’s conoid

Question 7

Infective conjunctivitis

Answer 7

Inflammation of the conjunctiva caused by microorganism

Question 8

Acute bacterial conjunctivitis

Answer 8

ABC is characterized by marked conjunctival hyperaemia and mucopurulent discharge from the eye

Question 9

Trachoma

Answer 9

Trachoma is a chronic keratoconjunctivitis, primarily affecting the superficial epithelium of conjunctiva and cornea simultaneously.

Question 10

Epidemic keratoconjunctivitis (EKC)

Answer 10

It is a type of acute follicular conjunctivitis mostly associated with superficial punctuate keratitis and usually occurs in epidemics

Question 11

Ophthalmia neonatrum

Answer 11

It is the bilateral inflammation of the conjunctiva occurring in an infant, less than 30 days old

Question 12

Veneral keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) or spring catarrh

Answer 12

VKC is a recurrent, bilateral, interstitial, self-limiting allergic inflammation of the conjunctiva having a periodic seasonal incidence

Question 13

Atopic keratoconjunctivitis

Answer 13

It can be thought as an adult equivalent of VKC associated with atopic dermatitis

Question 14

Giant papillary conjunctivitis (GPC)

Answer 14

GPC is the inflammation of conjunctiva with the formation of very large sized papillae

Question 15

Phlyctenular keratoconjunctivitis

Answer 15

PKC is a characteristic nodular affection occurring as an allergic response of the conjunctival and corneal epithelium to some endogenous allergens to which can they have become sensitized

Question 16

Pinguecula

Answer 16

Pinguecula is a degenerative condition of the conjunctiva. It is characterized by the formation of a yellowish white patch on the bulbar conjunctiva near the limbus

Question 17

Pterygium

Answer 17

Pterygium is a wing-shaped fold of conjunctiva encroaching upon the cornea from either side within the interpalpebral fissure

Question 18

Inflammation of cornea

Answer 18

Keratitis is characterized by corneal oedema, cellular infiltration and ciliary congestion

Question 19

Ulcerative keratitis

Answer 19

Corneal ulcer maybe defined as discontinuation in normal epithelial surface of the cornea associated with necrosis of the surrounding corneal tissue

Question 20

Keratoconus

Answer 20

It is a non- inflammatory bilateral ectatic condition of cornea in its axial part. It usually starts at puberty and progresses slowly.

Question 21

Keratoglobus

Answer 21

It is familial and hereditary bilateral congenital disorder characterized by thinning and hemispherical protrusion of the entire cornea

Question 22

Corneal opacity

Answer 22

Loss of transparency of cornea due to scarring

Question 23

Cataract

Answer 23

Development of any opacity in the lens or its capsule

Question 24

Glaucoma

Answer 24

Glaucoma is defined as chronic progressive optic neuropathy characterized by increased IOP, visual field changes and optic disc changes which ultimately causes death of the retinal cells

Question 25

Primary open angle glaucoma

Answer 25

``` POAG is a chronic simple glaucoma of adult onset typically characterized by: Slowly progressive raised IOP Open normal appearing AC angle Characteristic optic disc cupping Specific visual field defects ```

Question 26

Ocular hypertension

Answer 26

Ocular hypertension is labelled when a patient has an IOP constantly more than 21 mmHg but no optic disc and visual changes

Question 27

Primary angle closure disease

Answer 27

PACD is characterized by apposition of the iris against the trabecular meshwork resulting in obstruction of aq outflow by closure of an already narrow angle of the AC

Question 28

Retinitis pigmentosa

Answer 28

It is hereditary disorder predominantly affecting the rods more than cones

Question 29

Cystoid macular oedema

Answer 29

It refers to collection of fluid in the outer plexiform and inner nuclear layer of the retina, centered around the foveola

Question 30

Retinal detachment

Answer 30

It is the separation of neurosensory retina proper from the pigment epithelium

Question 31

Rhegmatogenous or primary retinal detachment

Answer 31

It is usually associated with a retinal break through which us retinal fluid seeps and separates the sensory retina from the pigmentary epithelium

Question 32

Exudative or solid retinal detachment

Answer 32

It occurs due to the retina being pushed away by a neoplasm or accumulation of fluid beneath the retina following inflammatory or vascular lesions

Question 33

Retinoblastoma

Answer 33

It is a common malignant tumor arising from the neurosensory retina in one or both eyes

Question 34

Enucleation

Answer 34

Excision of the eyeball

Question 35

Optic neuritis

Answer 35

Optic neuritis includes inflammatory and demyelinating disorders of the optic nerve

Question 36

Papilloedema

Answer 36

Passive disc swelling with increased IOP which is almost always bilateral although it may be asymmetrical

Question 37

Amblyopia

Answer 37

It implies the partial loss of sight in one or both eyes, in the absence of ophthalmoscopic or other marked objective signs

Question 38

Strabismus

Answer 38

A misalignment of the visual axes of the two eyes is called squint or strabismus

Question 39

Stye

Answer 39

It is an acute suppurative inflammation of lash follicle and its associated glands of Zeis or Moll

Question 40

Chalazion

Answer 40

It is a chronic non-infective lipogranulomatous inflammation of the meibomian gland

Question 41

Internal hordeolum

Answer 41

It is a suppurative inflammation of the meibomian gland associated with blockage of the duct

Question 42

Trichiasis

Answer 42

Inward misdirection of cilia with normal position of the lid margin

Question 43

Entropion

Answer 43

Inward rolling and rotation of the lid margin toward globe

Question 44

Ectropion

Answer 44

Out rolling or outward turning of the lid margin

Question 45

Symblepharon

Answer 45

Lids become adherent to the eyeball as a result of adhesions between the palpebral and bulbar conjunctiva

Question 46

Ankyloblepharon

Answer 46

Adhesions between margins of the upper and lower lids

Question 47

Ptosis

Answer 47

Abnormal dropping of the upper eyelid

Question 48

Dacryocystitis

Answer 48

Inflammation of the lacrimal sac

Question 49

Acute dacryocystitis

Answer 49

It is an acute suppurative inflammation of the lacrimal sac, characterized by presence of a painful swelling in the region of sac

Question 50

Proptosis

Answer 50

Forward displacement of the eyeball beyond the orbital margins

Question 51

Orbital cellulitis

Answer 51

An acute infection of the soft tissues of the orbit behind the orbital septum

Question 52

Episcleritis

Answer 52

Benign recurrent inflammation of the episclera, involving the overlying Tenon's capsule but not the underlying sclera

Question 53

Scleritis

Answer 53

Inflammation of the sclera proper

Question 54

Staphylomas

Answer 54

Localized bulging of weak and thin outer tunic of the eyeball lined by uveal tissue which shines through the thinned out fibrous coat