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Flashcards in Definitions Deck (34)
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1
Q

Mesodermal domain composed of the parietal layer of lateral plate mesoderm and somite cells from the myotome and sclerotome regions that migrate across the lateral somitic frontier

A

Abaxial domain

2
Q

Release of enzymes from the acrosome on the head of sperm that assists in sperm penetration of the zona pellucida. Zona proteins induce the reaction following sperm binding

A

Acrosome reaction

3
Q

Anterior portion of the pituitary derived from Rathke pouch

A

Adenohypophysis

4
Q

Sensory area in the dorsal region of the spinal cord and brain

A

Alar plates

5
Q

Vestigial structure that serves as a respiratory and waste storage organ for avian embryos. It extends from the ventral region of the urogenital sinus to the umbilicus. Later, its distal portion, called the urachus, becomes a fibrous cord and forms the median umbilical ligament. If it remains patent, then it may form a urachal fistula or cyst in this region

A

Allantois

6
Q

Process of removing introns to create different proteins from the same gene

A

Alternative splicing

7
Q

Cells lining the alveoli. Type I cells are involved in gas exchange. Type II cells produce surfactant

A

Alveolar cells

8
Q

Complete absence of a limb

A

Amelia

9
Q

Procedure used to used to withdraw amniotic fluid for analysis of factors, such as alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), and cells (chromosomes), which provide information about the status of the fetus

A

Amniocentesis

10
Q

Membrane formed when expansion of the amniotic cavity obliterates the chorionic cavity, causing the amnion to contact the chorion and the two to fuse. This membrane serves as a hydrostatic wedge during the initiation of labor

A

Amniochorionic membrane

11
Q

Membrane derived from the epiblast that surrounds the fluid-filled amniotic cavity around the embryo and the fetus. The fluid cushions the fetus and forms a hydrostatic wedge to assist with dilation of the cervix during labor. The fluid itself can be used for analysis of fetal well-being

A

Amnion

12
Q

Pieces of amnion that tear loose and can wrap themselves around digits and limbs causing constrictions and amputations or can be swallowed by the fetus causing disruptions in facial development. Their origin is unknown.

A

Amniotic bands

13
Q

Neural tube defect in which the cranial neural folds fail to close, leading to tissue degeneration and little or no formation of higher brain centers, cerebral cortex, etc. The abnormality is lethal, but 70% of the defects can be prevented by daily maternal use of 400 ug of folic acid beginning 2 to 3 months prior to conception and continuing through pregnancy

A

Anencephaly

14
Q

Formation of blood vessels by sprouting from existing vessels

A

Angiogenesis

15
Q

Outer ring of fibrous tissue in an intervertebral disc

A

Annulus fibrosis

16
Q

Collection of endoderm cells at the cranial end of the bilaminar disc responsible for inducing the head region through secretion of transcription factors, including OTX2, LIM1, and HESX1

A

Anterior visceral endoderm (AVE)

17
Q

Another term for mülerian-inhibiting substance produced by Sertoli cells that causes regression of the mülerian (paramesonephric) ducts in males

A

Anti-mülerian hormone

18
Q

Branch from the aortic sac to the dorsal aorta traveling in the center of each pharyngeal arch. Initially, there are five pairs, but these undergo considerable remodeling to form definitive vascular patterns for the head and neck, aorta, and pulmonary circulation

A

Aortic arch

19
Q

Layer of thickened ectoderm at the distal tip of the limb that controls outgrowth of the limb by maintaining a rapidly proliferating population of adjacent mesoderm cells, called the progress zone.

A

Apical ectodermal ridge (AER)

20
Q

Programmed cell death, for example, between the digits

A

Apoptosis

21
Q

Congenital absence of an opening or lumen, for example, in the gut

A

Atresia

22
Q

Composed of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems that control smooth muscle and glands

A

Autonomic nervous system

23
Q

Motor area in the ventral portion of the spinal cord and brain

A

Basal plates

24
Q

Ventral body wall defect caused by lack of closure of the lateral body wall folds in the pelvic region resulting in protrusion of the bladder through the defect

A

Bladder extrophy

25
Q

Stage of embryogenesis at the time of implantation where outer trophoblast cells from a fluid-filled sphere with a small group of embryoblast cells, the inner cell mass, at one pole

A

Blastocyst

26
Q

Members of the TGF-beta family that serve as signal molecules for a number of morphogenetic events, including dorsalizing the central nervous system. participating in bone formation, etc.

A

Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs)

27
Q

Cup-shaped structure at the end of each proximal convoluted tubule that partially surrounds a glomerulus

A

Bowman’s capsule

28
Q

Type of craniosynostosis in which the coronal sutures close prematurely resulting in a tall, short head shape

A

Brachycephaly

29
Q

Short digits

A

Brachydactyly

30
Q

Once the neural tube closes, expanded spaces in the brain fill with fluid to form three primary _______: the proencephalon (forebrain), mesencephalon (midbrain), and the rhombencephalon (hindbrain). These three primary _____ form the five definitive ______ : the proencephalon divides into the telencephalon and diencephalon; the mesencephalon does not divide; an dthe rhomboencephalon forms the metencephalon and myelencephalon.

A

Brain vesicles

31
Q

“Lower” centers of the brain, including the myencephalon, pons of the metencephalon, and the mesencephalon

A

Brainstem

32
Q

The period of sperm conditioning in the female reproductive tract lasting about 7 hours that is required for sperm to be able to fertilize an egg

A

Capacitation

33
Q

Through this process, bending of the heart tube positions the hear the heart in the left thoracic region and creates the “typical” heart shape with the atria posterior to the ventricles

A

Cardiac looping

34
Q

System of anterior, posterior, and common cardinal veins that drain the head and body of the embryo in the late third and early fourth weeks

A

Cardinal veins