Definitions

Question 1

Scholasticism

Answer 1

Google: “the system of theology and philosophy taught in medieval European universities, based on Aristotelian logic and the writings of the early Church Fathers and having a strong emphasis on tradition and dogma.”

Question 2

Lay Investiture

Answer 2

• Who Appoints the Bishops, Pope or King?
• [Wiki: “At issue was who, the pope or monarchs, had the authority to appoint (invest) local church officials such as bishops of cities and abbots of monasteries.”]

Question 3

Simony

Answer 3

[Wiki: “the act of selling church offices and roles.”]

Question 4

Nepotism

Answer 4

• [Google: “the practice among those with power or influence of favoring relatives or friends, especially by giving them jobs.”

Question 5

Avignon Papacy

Answer 5

• Controversy with Philip Philip the Fair of France refuses to acknowledge ultimate Papal authority Boniface responds with ‘The two swords of religious and political power belong to Pope’ Unam Sanctam Philip burns the encyclical Boniface prepares to excommunicate Philip, when Philip’s supporters capture Boniface VIII; parade him sitting backward on a horse Boniface dies shortly thereafter French select next Pope, Clement V. This begins the ‘Avignon Papacy”; under French control
• During this period (1309-1377), Papacy dependent on France Cutoff from Papal States, popes needed money for their court Some of Popes in this period were guilty of nepotism as well as simony Practice of selling indulgences

Question 6

Conciliarism

Answer 6

• In 1394 theologians at University of Paris suggest a council to elect Pope Council gathers at Pisa in 1409, and both Popes are asked to resign Takes steps against simony and selling indulgences Elects Alexander V Now there are three Popes: Rome, Avignon, Pisa Another Council at Constance in 1414-1418 Haec Sancta: Council of Bishops pre-eminent over Pope ‘…the Reformation of the Church of God in its head and its members…’ Elect Martin V, end of Great Schism Pius II (1458-1464) issues Execrabilis, that no council is over the Pope, repudiates Council of Constance
• [Wiki: “a reform movement in the 14th-, 15th- and 16th-century Catholic Church which held that supreme authority in the Church resided with an Ecumenical council, apart from, or even against, the pope. The movement emerged in response to the Western Schism between rival popes in Rome and Avignon.”]

Question 7

Indulgence

Answer 7

• From CCC Definition of Indulgence The remission before God of the temporal punishment due to sin whose guilt has already been forgiven. A properly disposed member of the faithful can obtain an indulgence under prescribed conditions through the help of the Church which, as the minister of redemption, dispenses and applies with authority the treasury of the satisfactions of Christ and the saints.
• Mini-history of indulgences Traces to time of martyrs when martyrs because of their suffering could offer lapsed their ‘reserve’ of graces After Constantine, penances were modified for people who were already suffering illness OR who had holy family members who had suffered Theory of indulgences developed in detail by Albert the Great and Thomas Aquinas

Question 8

Inquisition

Answer 8

• Starts as Church opposition to Albingensian (Cathars) in Southern France Similar to (a type of?) Manichaeism Spread with Muslim invasions through Spain
• 1208 Innocent III declares ‘crusade’ against Albingensians Barons and bishops of northern France mount bloody and successful conquest of Southern France Asks St. Dominic
• 1233 Inquisition established to find heretics Both a religious and a political institution Remember: political and religious unity not distinguished Example: St. Jean D’Arc executed by English Inquisition (1431)

Question 9

Fourth Lateran Council

Answer 9

• Augustinians and Carmelites were both granted dispensations by Pope Innocent IV from decree of IV Lateran Council
• Included Patriarchs of Constantinople and Jerusalem (Latin)
• Doctrine of transubstantiation (Canon 1)
• Exhorted Greeks to reunite with Roman Church; only one shepherd of the Church (Canon 4)
• Papal Primary, followed by Patriarchs of Constantinople, Alexandria, Antioch, Jerusalem (Canon 5)
• Forbade establishment of new religious orders (Canon 13)
• Christians must confess their sins at least once per year (Canon 21)
• Payment of tithes (Canon 54)
• Jews and Muslims must wear special dress to distinguish them from Christians (Canons 78, 79)

Question 10

Mendicants

Answer 10

• Not in a monastery
• Vocation is among God’s people
• Both approved by Innocent III