Definitions

Question 1

Schizophrenia

Answer 1

A mental disorder characterised by a withdrawal from reality.

Question 2

Positive Symptoms

Answer 2

TYPE 1 schizophrenia
Behaviours concerning loss of touch in reality

(Added behaviour)

HALLUCINATIONS
DELUSIONS

Responsive to medication

Question 3

Negative symptoms

Answer 3

TYPE 2 schizophrenia
Behaviours that disrupt emotions and actions

(Loss of behaviour e.g. avolition)

Unresponsive to medication

Question 4

Hallucinations

Answer 4

The perception of something being real that is not

Hearing,seeing things

Question 5

DELUSIONS

Answer 5

A fixed false belief

cannot be confronted with truth

Question 6

Speech poverty

Answer 6

E.g > Word salad

Negative symptom

Brief replies to questions. No elaboration.

Due to distorted thought processes

Question 7

Avolition

Answer 7

Negative symptom

A lack of energy in any activity.

Loss in goal directed behaviour

Question 8

Reliability

Answer 8

Consistency of diagnosis

1 test-retest > when the same diagnosis is made in separate occasions from the same information

2 inter-rater > different clinicians make separate diagnosis on the same patient.

Question 9

DSM 5

Answer 9

Diagnostic classification system

(Paranoid, disorganised, catatonic,undifferentiated, residual)

Must be shown 1 month or more
2 CLEAR symptoms.

Question 10

ICD 10

Answer 10

Produced by WHO

• Uses 7 classifications
• 9 subtypes
• Post schizophrenic depression
• Simple schizophrenia - negative symptoms

MORE SUBTYPES THAN DSM5
1-6 months
1 CLEAR symptom

Question 11

Validity

Answer 11

The accuracy of the diagnosis

Reliability - consistent diagnosis
Predictive validity - successful treatment
Descriptive - symp different to other disorders
Aetiological - same cause for sz

Question 12

Co- Morbidity

Answer 12

1 or more additional disorders occur along with sz

• causes issues in validity
• symptoms may be of the same disorder

Question 13

Culture Bias

Answer 13

Over - diagnosing other cultures as schizophrenic

Afro-Caribbean more diagnosed than white people in Britain than in their natural homeland.

Question 14

Symptom overlap

Answer 14

Symptoms of the disorder are often the same as other disorders.

E.g. Depression in bipolar

Question 15

Biological explanation - Genetic

Answer 15

Schizophrenia is caused by heredity

Genes are passed on to individuals from their relatives/parents

No specific gene
Gene mapping > several genes that make an individual susceptible to sz.

Question 16

Dopamine hypothesis

Answer 16

Sz is caused by abnormal levels of the hormone/ neurotransmitter: dopamine.

Higher levels of dopamine > firing neurons

Can be caused by LSD

Question 17

Neural correlates

Answer 17

Sz is caused by brain abnormalities

Question 18

Enlarged ventricles

Answer 18

Cause schizophrenia

The fluid filled in gaps between the brain

In the central brain

pre-frontal cortex brain >

Werernickes area is damaged which relates to speech&raquo_space;> speech poverty.

Question 19

Original dopamine Hypothesis

Answer 19

Excess levels of dopamine lead to symptoms of sz

Neuroleptic drug > reduces amount of dopamine

Question 20

Revised dopamine Hypothesis

Answer 20

Issues with

D2 receptors > too many > more dopamine

D4 receptors > too dense > more dopamine

Question 21

Glutamate

Answer 21

Found in the brain
Helps activate neurones/ neurotransmitter

Excess glutamate > excess dopamine

Question 22

Psychological explanations of Sz

Family dysfunction

Answer 22

The idea that Dysfunctional family relationships and communication > development of sz.

Question 23

Refrigerator mother

Answer 23

Provides physical needs for children but not emotional.

Question 24

Double Bind theory

Answer 24

Children who receive contradicting messages from their parents > sz.

E.g. If mothers say ‘I love u’ and reject a hug.

This leads to impaired coherence

Question 25

Impaired coherence

Answer 25

A construction of reality. Leads to symptoms such as the flattened affect and with drawl

Question 26

Flattened effect

Answer 26

Lack of emotional expression

Question 27

Expressed emotion

Answer 27

Maintains schizophrenia Where families constinuously demonstrate hostility and criticism towards recovering sz's Leads to severe relapse > delusions of persecution.

Question 28

Cognitive explanations

Answer 28

Maladaptive thought processes The development of sz is related to thinking abnormally. Or vice Versa .

Question 29

Cognitive deficits

Answer 29

Schemas are not activated in schizophrenics > difficult to process incoming info. Cannot recognise info so interpret it in own way. This leads to sensory overload

Question 30

Sensory overload

Answer 30

Information cannot be processed so is overloaded

Question 31

Impaired insight

Answer 31

An inability to recognise cognitive distortions or reality

Question 32

Delusions - cognitive

Answer 32

Caused by the patient being egocentric. Relate irrelevant events to themselves causing false conclusions.

Question 33

Hallucinations - cognitive

Answer 33

Hallucinating patients focus excessively on auditory stimuli Have higher expectancy to hear things. Do not recognise internal and external information. Relate themselves always.

Question 34

TREATMENTS - DRUG THERAPY

Answer 34

Typical drugs > treat positive symptoms Eg: chlorprozamine Blocks dopamine receptors in the synapse Atypical drugs > 2nd resort > treated pos and neg symptoms Eg: clozapine Acts on serotonin and dopamine production systems.

Question 35

CBT

Answer 35

Helps to change maladaptive thinking that causes delusions / hallucinations Every 10 days 12 sessions > to alter irrational thoughts Personals therapy > talks on problems, experience and how to deal with these. Relaxation skills also taught

Question 36

Family therapy

Answer 36

Counselling involving family members, patient, therapist Improves communication. Decreases guilt Teaches family how to deal with sz patient 9-12 months

Question 37

Token economies

Answer 37

Helps MANAGE sz not treat it. Operant conditioning > positive reinforcement Sz patients are rewarded for carrying out good behaviour Rewarded token can be exchanged for material goods. Relieves negative symptoms such as lack of motivation.

Question 38

Interactionalist

Answer 38

Sz is caused by social, biological and psychological factors Diathesis model

Question 39

Diathesis stress model

Answer 39

Biological susceptibility + environmental factors (stress /trauma) = SZ ``` Genetic faults in doperminergic systems TRIGGER psychological > abuse/ family dysfunctions SET THE TRIGGER Maladaptive thinking/ neural correlates EFFECTS OF SZ ```

Question 40

Interactionalist treatments

Answer 40

Patients take drug therapy FIRST to reduce lack of insight... This allows psychological treatments to have greater effects, such as CBT