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Definitions Flashcards

(51 cards)

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1
Q

What is the definition of Epidemiology?

A

This looks at the nature and the type of illness using the numerical science of epidemiology
It looks at the time, place and person affected by the illness

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2
Q

What are the 3 main objectives of epidemiology?

A

Description - to describe the distribution of the disease in the human population
Explanation - to give clues to the natural history of the disease and possible etiological factors
Disease control - to provide a basis in which we can find areas to implement and develop therapeutic strategies

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3
Q

What is relative risk?

A

Strength of association

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4
Q

What is the equation for relative risk?

A

Incidence of disease in the exposed group divided by the incidence of disease in the unexposed group

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5
Q

How can you show someone about relative risk?

A

Discussing it, verbal explanation, graphs or pictures

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6
Q

Name 10 sources of epidemiological data

A 
NHS expenditure data
Cancer statistics
Accident statistics 
Drug abuse statistics
Reproductive health statistics
GP morbidity data
Hospital activity statistics 
Mortality data 
Health and household statistics
Social security statistics
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7
Q

What are 5 types of studies?

A 
Descriptive
Case control
Cohort studies 
Cross-sectional studies 
RCT's
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8
Q

What are the 6 things to consider when you are interpreting results?

A 
Standardisation 
Standard mortality ratio
Quality of data
Case definition 
Coding and classification 
Ascertainment
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9
Q

What are the 4 types of bias?

A

Selection bias
Information Bias
Follow up bias
Systematic error

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10
Q

What are the 9 Criteria for causality?

A 
Strength of association 
Consistency 
Coherence
Specificity 
Temporality 
Analogy 
Experiment 
Biological gradient 
Biological plausibility
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11
Q

What is a variable that can have an impact on 2 sets of data that will lead it to favour one?

A

Confounding variable

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12
Q

Define health promotion

A

An over-arching principle which aims to enhance health or prevent disease achieved through legislation or activity modification

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13
Q

Define the 3 types of health promotion and describe each

A

Educational -where knowledge is given in order to allow the person to make the informed choice about their health
Socio-economic - the health choice is the easy choice
Psychological - the complex relationship between a person’s beliefs, knowledge, attitudes and beliefs, focusing on whether the person is ready to change

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14
Q

Define health education

A

Any activity where one communicates with an individual or group aimed at challenging those knowledge or beliefs to improve health

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15
Q

Define Health Protection

A

A policy beyond the scope of the individual which aims to prevent ill health or improve health

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16
Q

Define empowerment

A

This refers to the generation of power in an individual who previously considered themselves unable to a control a situation on the basis of their choices

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17
Q

What are the 3 advantages of empowerment?

A

Able to withstand social pressure
Able to put into place effective coping strategies in an unhealthy environment
Heightened state of self-conciousness

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18
Q

What model refers to an individuals ability to modify their behaviour?

A

The cycle of change

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19
Q

What are the 6 steps of the cycle of change?

A 
Pre-contemplation 
Contemplation 
Planning 
Action 
Maintenance 
Relapse
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20
Q

What are the 4 Catford criteria for assessing health promotion?

A

Does the activity understand and respond to peoples needs fairly?
Is it built upon an identifiable approach to health promotion?
Does it demonstrate a sense of direction and coherence?
are there connections made between settings, individuals and community approaches?

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21
Q

What is Primary Prevention?

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A

Where measures are taken to prevent the onset of illness or the probability or severity of the resulting symptoms, ie vaccination schedule

22
Q

What is Secondary Prevention?

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A

Where a disease is identified at an early stage so that we can prevent the progression of symptoms

23
Q

What is Tertiary Prevention?

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A

A activity which aims to lessen disability or distress of the disease

24
Q 
Give examples of heath promotion on the 4 following areas:
Primary Care
Government
Economic
Education
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A

Primary Care: Posters, chronic disease clinics vaccination
Government: legislations on smoking and legal drinking age limits
Economic: Taxing on cigarettes and alcohol
Education = HEBS

25
Who's criteria os used for screening in a population?
Wilson and Jugner's Criteria
26
What are 10 screening criteria?
The condition is important There is a pre-symptomatic phase if the disease The natural course of the disease is known Is the test safe Is the test specific Is the test sensitive Is the test cost-effective Is the test acceptable to the public? If s there acceptable treatment for the illness Is the treatment cost-effective Is the treatment more effective is ti is implemented early
27
What is the definition of sustainability?
The ability to continue over a period of time
28
What are the global sustainability reasons for being important to healthcare?
``` Material inequality Climate changes Population and consumption Resource depletion Loss of biodiversity Healthcare crises ```
29
How can we reduce global warming? (5)
``` Plant based diet Promote patent resilience Modify human behaviour Increase use of renewables Educate on literacy and numeracy ```
30
What can we do to make the NHS sustainable?
Use sustainable grown food Greener building design and construction Priorities environmental health Reduce/ be safe in the deposition of waste Use energy efficiently Reduce water consumption Improve travel strategies
31
What is the definition of resilience?
Ability to quickly return to a previous good condition
32
What are the factors that contribute to a sustainable career?
Job security Financial security Job satisfaction Respect for the professionalism and knowledge Ability to work in a team over a period of time Appreciation for being in the role of a doctor Ability to develop knowledge and interests Work life balance
33
What are the challenges to a sustainable career?
``` Considerable and rapid workload Time management Increasingly complex care Care vs cure Relentless arrival of mail and blood results and not having enough time to go through them diligently Running a business Harmonious and effective ```
34
What is a sick not now called?
Medical 3 Fit note
35
What are the roles of occupational health 10?
Advice on work related illness Advice on fitness to work and workplace safety Ajustements to keep people in work Research into work related illness Help people integrate back into work Improve attendance and performance Promote health in the workplace and lifestyle Ensure compliance with heath and safety regulations Advice on medical health and ill-heath retirement
36
Describe the following times in graph form? 1950 2000 2050
Pyramid Bulge at middle age Bulge at over 60
37
What are the 2 things to observe form the population graphs?
The population is ageing | There are fewer younger people
38
What may have caused the change in the population graphs?
Increased contraception | Better healthcare which prolongs life eg immunisations
39
Define Multi-morbidity
The co-existanece of 2 or more long-term conditions in an individual
40
What does anticipatory care planning promote?
Philosophy that promotes discussion with individuals, their caress and those close to them, to make decisions about their future health including personal and practical aspects of care
41
Who should get an anticipatory care plan?
Anyone who is deemed appropriate Done in advance Communicated on a Key information summary
42
What is the WHO definition of Palliative care?
Improves quality of life for the patient and their families by providing pain and symptom relief along with spiritual and psychosocial care, from diagnosis's though to the end of bereavement
43
What scale can you use to select a patient suitable for this?
Palliative performance scale
44
Who should get a palliative care plan?
Anyone who it is deemed appropriate
45
What should be considered when putting a care plan into place?
Where the person wishes to be caused for? Do they have a DNA CPR? Do they want to be informed in changes in their condition? Do they know the full prognosis of their disease? Does the family know the full prognosis of their disease?
46
What are the 6 criteria of WHO's Palliative care?
Provides relief from pain and symptoms Affirms life and dying as a normal process Gives spiritual and psychological support Neither hastens or postpones death Provides a support network for the patient to help them to live as actively as possible Provides a support network for the family through bereavement
47
What are the 5 things that can contribute to a good death?
``` Pain free Surrounded by family members Their wishes and affairs for after death are in order Death as personal growth Death according to personal preference ```
48
What are the 8 things you should do when breaking bad news?
``` Listen Set the scene Find out what the patient already knows Find out what the patient wishes to know Share the info using common language Review and summaries Allow time for questions Arrange a next meeting and a plan of action and support ```
49
What are the 10 emotions to bad news?
``` Shock Anger Denial Sadness Guilt Bargaining Relief Fear Anxiety Distress ```
50
What are the responses to someone who asks for euthanasia?
Listen Acknowledge the issue Explore the reason for request Explore how to give the patient more control Treat any causative symptoms or problems Remember spiritual issues Admit powerlessness
51
List points relating to the proactive care resulting from anticipatory care planning
Patient on the GP palliative care register and discussed at team meetings Information on financial support given to patients and careers and referred to the appropriate services Usual GP and district nurse home visit and support calls Symptoms dressed with the partnership of allied health professionals as appropriate Overall care assessed including spiritual and psychological needs Place where patient wishes to be cared for noted and organised Care plan and medications at home put in place End of life pathway used Noted the patients wishes on where they would like to die, with family bereavement support offered Staff selection with audits etc

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