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Plant Disease Ecology > Definitions > Flashcards

Definitions Flashcards

(70 cards)

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1
Q

After anastomosis, hyphae that were originally __________ are now __________

A

Homokaryotic; dikaryotic

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2
Q

When a fungus is _________, even the smallest piece of the fungus can grow to complete a life cycle

A

Totipotent

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3
Q

Organisms that have two different kinds of flagella

A

Heterokonts

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4
Q

Sexual part of fungi life cycle

A

Telemorph

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5
Q

Can reproduce from a single organism/genotype

A

Homothallic

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6
Q

Wall-less bacteria such as phytoplasmas and corkscrew-shaped spiroplasmas

A

Mollicutes

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7
Q

Symbionts that live on the surface of plant tissue

A

Epiphytes

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8
Q

Heritable change we observe over the course of generations

A

Microevolution

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9
Q

An intimate relationship between two organisms

A

Symbiosis

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10
Q

Traits of the pathogen create selective pressure that shapes traits in the plant and vice versa

A

Co-evolution

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11
Q

Requires two compatible partners to create sexual spores

A

Heterothallic

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12
Q

Bacteria that form chains of cells that look like skinny hyphae; creates the “earthy” smell of soil

A

Actinobacteria

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13
Q

Hyphal fusion when they match alleles

A

Anastomosis

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14
Q

Sections between septa that are NOT separated from adjacent sections by plasma membrane

A

Coenocytic

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15
Q

Three types of meiospores

A
  • Ascospores
  • Basidiospores
  • Zygospores
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16
Q

Appearance of generally distinct morphs

A

Sectoring

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17
Q

Pollinators that transmit a pathogen from one host to another

A

Vectors

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18
Q

A type of microbe that, in absence of a living host, can complete its life cycle living in dead plant material

A

Facultative necrotroph

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19
Q

Picky eater

A

Fastidious

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20
Q

Traits critical to growth, survival, or reproduction

A

Fitness

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21
Q

Visible or detectable parts or products of the pathogen

A

Signs

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22
Q

Traits evolve independently multiple times through different evolution lineages

A

Convergent evolution

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23
Q

A virus particle comprised of nucleic acid and capsid

A

Virion

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24
Q

Set of DNA variations that tend to be inherited together

A

Haplotype

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25
Contains nuclei of only one haplotype; what fungal spores usually are
Homokaryotic
26
Rod-shaped bacteria; most plant pathogenic bacteria
Bacilli
27
Flagella used to pull organisms through the water
Tinsel flagella
28
Spores as a product of meiosis (2 names)
Meiospores; sexual spores
29
Large, swollen structures filled with cytoplasm and lots of nuclei; breaks off from hyphae and washes away in currents during dispersal
Sporangia
30
Interconnected network of old hyphae
Mycelium
31
Grows best with oxygen but can also grow without it
Facultative anaerobic
32
Fillaments or tubes that prodive growth, nutrients, and reproductive structures to a fungus
Hyphae
33
Symbionts that live inside plant tissue
Endophytes
34
A parasite that causes a disease on its host
Pathogen
35
Requires oxygen to grow
(Obligate) Aerobic
36
Bacterial DNA transmission in which DNA fragments are released into the environment and taken up by other bacterial cells, then integrated into existing chromosomes
Transformation
37
A biotroph that kills its host plant
Hemibiotroph
38
Microbe that eats already-dead material
Saprotroph
39
Does not require oxygen to grow
(Obligate) Anaerobic
40
Protein coat surrounding a virus
Capsid
41
Patterns of change over the history of life
Macroevolution
42
Spores as a product of mitosis (2 names)
Mitospores; asexual spores
43
Bacterial DNA transmission in which the movement of DNA from one bacterium to another is via phage viruses
Transduction
44
A subset of genotypes that is passed on to the next generation at a higher frequency than represented by chance
Genetic drift
45
Chemicals that fungi excrete to weaken or kill the host plant
Mycotoxins
46
Small, circular bacterial chromosomes that carry genes important for survival an ecological functions
Plasmids
47
Uptake of dissolved organic compounds by osmosis
Osmotrophy
48
Microbe that kills plant tissue and consumes it
Necrotroph
49
A mother cell that is converted into a spore; more resistant to environmental hazards and can later re-hydrate into a bacterial cell
Endospore
50
Pilus (tube) that connects two bacterial cells and transmits plasmids
Bacterial conjugation
51
Infectious RNA that lacks protein capsids
Viroids
52
Assemblage of microorganisms inhabiting body of host plant
Microbiome
53
The ability to move directionally in response to a chemical gradient
Chemotaxis
54
Detection of a large number of neighboring bacteria; causes a bacterium to turn transcription of genes on or off
Quorum sensing
55
Reproductive units of fungi
Spores
56
Sexual spore of oomycetes
Oospores
57
"Hairs" that cover tinsel flagella
Mastigonemes
58
Microbe that is parasitic to living plant tissue
Biotroph
59
Descendants in a new population range (after a bottleneck) represent a small component of original genetic diversity based on chance events of introduced genotypes
Founder's effect
60
Flagella used for steering
Whiplash flagella
61
Observed effects on the plant that disrupt its normal function
Symptoms
62
Large, thick-walled resting spores
Chlamydospores
63
Derived from more than one ancestor
Polyphyletic
64
Two sexual reproductive structures of oomycetes
- Antheridium | - Oogonium
65
A type of microbe that can only complete its life cycle on living plant tissue
Obligate biotroph
66
Traits are retained through descent within an evolutionary lineage
Evolutionarily conserved traits
67
The scientific field of creating hypotheses about the evolutionary relationships among taxa
Systematics
68
Cross-walls that divide hyphae
Septa (plural) | Septum (singular)
69
Asexual part of fungi life cycle
Anamorph
70
Oomycetes fall into the evolutionary group called ____________, which includes _____________
"Sar"; Stramenopila, Alveolata, and Rhizaria

Plant Disease Ecology (3 decks)

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