Definitions Flashcards
(51 cards)
1
Q
Intermodal Containers (3)
A
- Large-capacity storage units
- Which can be transported long distances
- Using multiple types of transport, such as shipping and rail
2
Q
Remittances (2)
A
- Money that migrants send home to their families
- Via formal or informal finances
3
Q
Spatial Division of Labour (3)
A
- TNCs moving low skilled work abroad
- To places where labour costs are low
- While skilled management jobs are retained at the TNCs HQ
4
Q
Globalisation (3)
A
- The umbrella term
- Used to describe the variety of ways
- In which places and people are increasingly interconnected
5
Q
Shrinking World Effect (4)
A
- Distant places starting to feel closer
- And taking less time to reach
- Thanks to heightened connectivity
- And unrestricted global flows of commodities and ideas
6
Q
FDI (3)
A
- A financial injection made by a TNC into a nation’s economy
- Either to build new facilities
- Or merge with an existing firm based there
7
Q
Trickle-Down (2)
A
- The positive impacts on peripheral regions
- Caused by the creation of wealth in core regions
8
Q
Tariffs (3)
A
- Taxes that are paid
- When importing or exportig goods and services
- Between countries
9
Q
WTO (4)
A
- An IGO
- Which advocates trade liberalisation
- And asks countries to abandon protectionist measures
- In favour of free trade
10
Q
IMF (3)
A
- An IGO
- Which works to secure financial security
- And sustainable economic development globally
11
Q
World Bank (3)
A
- An IGO
- Which works to provide assistance for developing countries
- One of the world’s largest sources of loans and knowledge
12
Q
Trade Blocs (3)
A
- International organisations that exist for trading purposes
- Bringing greater economic strength and security to nations
- E.g. the EU / Mercosur
13
Q
SEZ (4)
A
- An industrial area often near a coastline
- Where favourable conditions are created
- To attract foreign TNCs
- Including low tax rates / exemption from tarifs
14
Q
KOF Index (4)
A
- Measures 4 dimensions: Social, Political, Cultural and Economic
- Uses diverse data sets
- Such as participation in UN peacekeeping missions and tourist flows
- In 2014, Ireland and Belgium were the world’s most globalised countries according to KOF
15
Q
A.T. Kearney Index (5)
A
- Ranking is established by analysing a city’s
- Business activity
- Cultural experience
- Political engagement
- Data includes no. of TNC HQ’s and museums
16
Q
Offshoring (2)
A
- TNCs moving parts of their production process abroad
- To other countries to reduce labour costs
17
Q
Outsourcing (4)
A
- TNCs contracting another company
- To produce their goods/services
- Or manage other aspects, e..g finances/customer service
- Can result in the growth of complex supply chains
18
Q
Global Production Network (4)
A
- A chain of connected suppliers of parts and materials
- That contribute to the maufacturing or assembly of the consumer goods
- As globalisation has accelerated
- So too has the size and density of GPN’s
19
Q
Glocalisation (3)
A
- Adapting products to suit local tastes/laws
- An increasingly common strategy used by TNCs
- In an attempt to conquer new markets
20
Q
Global Shift (4)
A
- The international relocation
- Of different types of industrial activity, especially manufacturing.
- Stems from a combination of offshoring, outsourcing
- And new business start ups in emerging economies
21
Q
Deindustrialisation (4)
A
- The decline of regionally important manufacturing industries
- A result of ‘global shift’
- Results in high unemployment
- Which can create a spiral of decline
22
Q
Internal Migration (3)
A
- Migration within the borders of a country
- Normally, rural-urban migration
- However, counter-urbanisation also takes place
23
Q
Urbanisation (2)
A
- An increase in the proportion of people
- Living in urban areas
24
Q
Economic Migration (2)
A
- A migrant whose primary motivation is to seek employment
- Potentially in search of higher pay, more regular pay or a change of career
25
**Refugee (2)**
- People who are forced to flee their homes due to persecution
- Often due to political/religious reasons
26
**Intervening Obstacles (3)**
- Barriers to a migrant
- Such as a political border or physical feature
- E.g. Deserts/mountains/rivers
27
**Natural Increase (4)**
- The difference between a society's crude birth rate and crude death rate
- A migrant population, e.g. those found in developing megacities
- Usually has a high rate of natural increase
- Due to the presence of a large proportion of fertile young adults
28
**Brownfield Site (2)**
- Abandoned or derelict urban land
- Previously used by commercial or industrial companies
29
**Global Hub (6)**
- A settlement or region
- That has become a focal point
- For activities with a global influence
- Such as trade (Shanghai) and finance (London)
- Unlike a megacity, a global hub is recognised by its influence
- Rather than its population size
30
**Megacity (4)**
- A city with a population of 10 million or more
- In 1970 there were just 3 megacities;
- Now, there are 47
- They grow through a combination of rural-urban migration, international migration and natural increase
31
**Cultural Traits (2)**
- Aspects of culture
- Such as clothing, language, food and religion
32
**Global Culture (3)**
- The rise of a homogenous culture globally
- E.g. 4 billion people speaking 'Globish'
- Which is a basic form of English consisting of roughly 1500 words
-
33
**Soft Power (3)**
- Power through favour or persuasion
- Used by powerful states to shape global culture
- Through their disproportionatey large influence over global media and entertainment
34
**Hyperglobalisation (2)**
- The idea that a largely Westernised global culture is emerging
- As a result of cultural erosion in different places
-
35
**Post-Accession Migration (3)**
- The flow of economic migrants
- After a country has joined the EU
- E.g Poles to the UK in 2004
36
**Diaspora (3)**
- The dispersion or spread of a group of people
- From their original homeland
- E.g. African community in Lewisham
37
**Nationalist (5)**
- A political movement
- Focused on national independence
- Or the abandonment of policies
- That are viewed by some as threats to national sovreignty or culture
- Often results in anti-immigration and protectionist rhetoric
38
**Post-colonial migrants (4)**
- People who moved to European countries
- From former colonies
- During the 1950s - 70s
- E.g. Jamaican and Indian migrants in the UK
39
**Millennium Development Goals (3)**
- 8 specific objectives for the global community
- Created at the UN Millennium Summit in 2000
- Global poverty has been halved since the introduction of the MDG's
40
**Absolute Poverty (4)**
- When a person's income is too low
- For basic human needs to be met
- Potentially resulting in hunger and homelessness
- Nearly 1.1 billion fewer people are living in extreme poverty than in 1990.
41
**Relative Poverty (3)**
- When a person's income is too low
- To maintain the average standard of living in a particular society
- Asset growth for very rich people can lead to more people being in relative people
42
**Informal Sector (2)**
- Unofficial forms of employment
- That are not easily made subject to government regulation or taxation
43
**Gini Coefficient** (6)
- A statistical measure of inequality
- Which shows how wealth varies between and within several nations
- A number between 0-100
- A value of 0 = everyone has the same income
- Latin America is the most unequal region in the world (52)
- Europe is the least (32)
44
**Resource Nationalism (4)**
- A growing tendancy for state governments
- To take measures ensuring domestic industries and consumers
- Have priority access to the natural resources
- Found within their countries
-
45
**Transition Town (4)**
- A settlement
- Where individuals and businesses have adopted 'bottom up' initatives
- With the aim of boosting sustainability
- And reducing reliance on global trade
46
**Food Miles (3)**
- The distance food travels from a farm to a consumer
- Ranges from local produce, e.g. watts farm
- To other side of the world, e.g. Fiji water
47
**Consumer Society (3)**
- A society in which
- The buying and selling of goods and services
- Is the most important social and economic activity
48
**Carbon Footprint (2)**
- The amount of carbon dioxide
- Produced by an individual or an activity
49
**Virtual Water / Water footprint (3)**
- A measure of the volume of water
- Used in the production and transport to market
- Of food and commodities
50
**Ecological footprint (5)**
- A crude measurement
- Of the area of land or water
- Required to provide a person (or society)
- With the energy, food and resources needed to live
- And to also absorb waste
51
**Recycling (7)**
- Rather than sending manufactured goods to landfill
- An alternative is to recycle them
- This reduces the rate at which natural resources are used
- However, the carbon footprint of recycling is potentially high
- As energy is required
- To treat the waste
- And transport the waste to recycling sites
