Definitions And What Is A Disease

Question 1

Pathology

Answer 1

The study of changes in bodily structure and function that occur as a result of disease

Question 2

Etiology

Answer 2

Cause of injury (disease)

Question 3

Pathogenesis

Answer 3

Natural history and development of the disease

Question 4

Pathophysiology

Answer 4

The manner in which the incorrect function is expressed

Question 5

Lesion

Answer 5

The structural abnormality produced by the injury

Question 6

Idiopathic

Answer 6

The cause of the disease is unknown

Question 7

Latrogenic

Answer 7

The disease is a byproduct of medical diagnosis or treatment

Question 8

Clinical Pathology

Answer 8

Study of the functional aspects of disease by lab study of tissue, blood, urine, and other body fluids

Question 9

Ischemia

Answer 9

The decrease of blood supply to a tissue which can be local and caused by a thrombus or embolus or global due to a low perfusion pressure

Question 10

Hypoxia

Answer 10

Lack of oxygen to a tissue from any cause

Question 11

Hypoxemia

Answer 11

Low arterial oxygen supply

Question 12

Disease

Answer 12

Unhealthy state caused by the effects of the injury

Question 13

Acute Disease

Answer 13

Arises rapidly, and accompanies by distinctive symptoms and lasts a short time

Question 14

Chronic Disease

Answer 14

Usually begins slowly with signs and symptoms that are difficult to interpret, persists for a long time and generally cannot be prevented by vaccines or cured by medication

Question 15

Symptoms

Answer 15

Complaints reported by the patient or by someone else on behalf of the patient and are part of the medical history

Question 16

Signs

Answer 16

Direct observations by an examiner

Question 17

Syndrome

Answer 17

Collection of clinical signs, symptoms, and data. May be caused by different diseases such as CHF (Congestive Heart Failure)

Question 18

Sickness Vs Health

Answer 18

Sickness –> disease
Health –> wellness

These refer to the actual presence or absence of disease and do not refer to symptoms, signs, labs, x-rays, or scientific studies

Question 19

What are normal and abnormal terms applied to?

Answer 19

Observations such as blood tests, physical findings, history, radiographs

Also describe the results of measurement/observations used to determine if the disease is present or not

Question 20

True or False:

Many times there is not a range with an upper and lower limit when describing abnormal and normal observations

Answer 20

FALSE

There is a range describing upper and lower limits

Question 21

True or False:

Medical tests are not perfect predictors of disease

Answer 21

True

Question 22

Tests are __(1)__ if abnormal

Tests are __(2)__ is normal

Answer 22

1. Positive

2. Negative

Question 23

True Positive

Answer 23

A test of someone who has the disease

Question 24

False Positive

Answer 24

A test that shows that shows positive but the patient does no actually have the disease. The person is healthy.

Question 25

True Negative

Answer 25

Refers to a test of someone who does not have the disease and tests negative

Question 26

False Negative

Answer 26

Refers to a test of someone who has the disease but tests negative. This person is sick.

Question 27

Diagnosis of Disease

Answer 27

Interpretation of medical tests and other data that are strongly influenced by clinical history and findings. Never treat the test but treat the patient

Question 28

Apoptosis

Answer 28

Planned cell death, a programmed commitment to die

Question 29

Necrosis

Answer 29

Cell death caused by disease. 6 types

Question 30

True or False: All diseases occur because of injury

Answer 30

True

Question 31

What is the difference between mild and severe injury in regards to the cell

Answer 31

Severe injury causes cell death Mild injury or stress cause the cell to alter and adapt but it does not die.

Question 32

True or False: Genes do not influence how we react to injury

Answer 32

False Genes influence how we react to injury

Question 33

Disease may result from what two mechanisms?

Answer 33

The injury itself or from the repair process that follows

Question 34

How are cells injured

Answer 34

``` Inadequate oxygenation Direct physical action - mechanical force Ionizing radiation Toxic molecular injury Microbes Inflammatory and immune reactions Nutritional imbalance Genetic defects Aging ```

Question 35

Mild cell injury results in what?

Answer 35

``` Hydronic change (vacuolar degeneration) Intracellular accumulations Atrophy Hypertrophic Hyperplasia Dysphasia Metaplasia ```

Question 36

Atrophy

Answer 36

Decrease in cell size and function

Question 37

Hypertrophy

Answer 37

Increase in cell size and function

Question 38

Hyperplasia

Answer 38

Increase in cell number

Question 39

Dysphasia

Answer 39

Premalignant

Question 40

Metaplasia

Answer 40

Reversible change of one cell type into another

Question 41

Vacuolar Degeneration

Answer 41

Formation of nonslip is vacuoles in the cytoplasm due to accumulation of water from cloudy swelling. Swelling of cells

Question 42

Coagulation Necrosis

Answer 42

Most common type, gel-like change in blocks of freshly dead cells which are mostly caused by ishemia

Question 43

Gangrenous Necrosis

Answer 43

See when the entire limb loses blood supple. The skin black, wet when bacterial infection is superimposed and dry when only blood loss is the cause

Question 44

Liquefactive necrosis

Answer 44

the dead tissue dissolves into fluid and pus appears caused by bacterial or fungal infections

Question 45

Fat Necrosis

Answer 45

Seen in acute pancreatitis, see outlines of dead fat cells

Question 46

Caseous Necrosis

Answer 46

Caused by TB infection, the tissue is off white, soft, pasty, and clumpy

Question 47

Fibrinoid Necrosis

Answer 47

Seen in immune reactions in vessels. Fibrin like substance deposited in vessels