Definitions Paper 2 Bio Flashcards
(186 cards)
1
Q
Endangered Species
A
Species that are of risk of extinction.
2
Q
Antibiotics
A
Chemicals that kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria
3
Q
Coenzyme
A
An organic cofactor which participate in the reaction and are changed by it
4
Q
Abundance
A
The number of individuals of one species in a particular area
5
Q
Gene
A
A section of DNA that codes for a polypeptide (protein)
6
Q
Computational Biology
A
Using computers to study biology
7
Q
Quarternary Structure
A
Bonding between multiple polypeptide chains.
8
Q
Founder Effect
A
When a small disproportionate group of organisms start a new population
9
Q
Active Transport
A
The movement of substances, though a carrier protein, against a concentration gradient using energy.
10
Q
Habitat Diversity
A
The number of different habitats in an area.
11
Q
Phylogeny
A
The study of the evolution history of groups of organisms.
12
Q
Primary Structure
A
The sequence of amino acids
13
Q
Sympatric Speciation
A
When a new species is formed not caused by geographical isolation but instead just reproductive isolation
14
Q
Specific response
A
An antigen specific response aimed at specific pathogens with specific antigens.
15
Q
Predation
A
Where an organisms kills and eats another organism
16
Q
Codon
A
A section of 3 bases which codes for 1 amino acid
17
Q
Stem Cells
A
Unspecialised cells.
18
Q
Culture
A
A population of one type of microorganism that’s been grown under controlled conditions
19
Q
Indirect transmission
A
When a disease is transmitted from one organism to another via an intermediate
20
Q
Purine
A
A base with 2 carbon rings
21
Q
Chronic
A
Long-term
22
Q
Niche
A
The role of an organism within its habitat
23
Q
Resolution
A
The clarity ; The ability to distinguish between two close points.
24
Q
Antibodies
A
Proteins which bind to specific antigens
25
Pluripotent
A stem cell which can develop into any type of cell, not including embryonic cells.
26
Vegetative propagation
the production of plant clones from non-reproductive tissues
27
Clonal Expansion
The repeated mitosis of activated lymphocytes
28
Decomposer
An organism that breaks down dead or undigested organic matter
29
Species diversity
The number of different species and the abundance of each species (species richness and species evenness)
30
Bioinformatics
Developing and using software that can analyse, organise and sort biological data
31
Opsonins
Molecules in the blood that attach to foreign antigens to aid phagocytosis
32
Hox Genes
The genes that code for regulatory proteins that control the development of the body plan
33
Regulatory Gene
A gene that codes for an activator or repressor
34
Activation Energy
The energy needed for chemicals to start a reaction.
35
Artificial Active Immunity
Immunity after being given a vaccination containing a dose of antigens.
36
Climatic climax
The climax community for a particular climate
37
Cofactors
An inorganic molecule or ion that helps enzymes work without themselves being changed.
38
Codominant
Alleles that are both displayed in the phenotype
39
Organ System
A group of organs which work together to perform a particular function.
40
Dominant
An allele that only needs one copy to be displayed in the phenotype
41
Consumer
An organism that eats other organisms
42
Activator
A transcription factor that increases the rate of transcription
43
Immobilised enzymes
Enzymes that are attached to an insoluble material so they can’t become mixed with the products
44
Variation
Differences between individuals
45
Genetic Diversity
The variation in alleles within a species.
46
Primary succession
Succession that occurs over land that’s newly formed
47
Synthetic Biology
The creation of biological molecules from scratch
48
Carrier
A person carries an allele that is not expressed in the phenotype but can be passed on to its offspring
49
Transcription Factor
Protein that binds to DNA to switch genes on or off by increasing or decreasing the rate of transcription.
50
Hosts
Plants that provide a particular environment.
51
Biosensor
A device which uses a biological molecule to detect a chemical.
52
Plagioclimax
The climax community that forms when succession is artificially stopped.
53
Phytoalexins
A chemical which inhibits the growth of fungi and other pathogens.
54
Biomass
The mass of living material
55
Cation
A positively charged ion
56
Repressor
A transcription factor that decreases the rate of transcription
57
Species richness
The number of different species in an area.
58
Keystone species
A species which many other species in an ecosystem depend on and without which the ecosystem would dramatically change.
59
Homeodomain
A part of a regulatory protein that binds to DNA to allow it to work as a transcription factor
60
Expulsive Reflex
An automatic reaction to attempt to expel foreign objects.
61
Diffusion
The net movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
62
Anatomical Evidence
Similarities in the structure and function of different body parts
63
Universal
The same specific base triplets code for the same amino acids in all living things.
64
Cladistics
Classifying organisms according to their phylogeny.
65
In Vitro
Outside of a living organism
66
Evolution
Changes in the frequency of alleles in a population
67
Domain
Large super kingdoms above kingdoms in the taxonomic heirarchy.
68
Population
All the organisms of one species in a habitat
69
Ecosystem
All the organisms living in a certain area and all the non-living conditions
70
Artificial Selection
When humans select individuals with desirable characteristics to be bred together to get more desirable characteristics
71
Totipotent
A stem cell which can develop into any type of cell, including embryonic cells.
72
Degenerate
There more than 1 possible codon to code for 1 amino acid.
73
Genetic Drift
Evolution where chance dictating which alleles are passes on.
74
Phagocytosis
The engulfment of pathogens by a phagocyte. (Non-specific)
75
Sapronins
A chemical produced by plants that destroy the chitin cell wall of fungi.
76
Tissue
A group of specialised cells that work together to performs a particular function.
77
Polygenic
Inherited characteristics that are influenced by many genes
78
Osmosis
The diffusion of water molecules across a partially permeable membrane down a water potential gradient.
79
Speciation
The development of a new species
80
Multipotent
A stem cell that can develop into a limited range of different types of cell.
81
Distribution
Where individuals of a particular species are found within the area you’re investigating
82
Interspecific variation
Variation between species
83
Semi-conservative replication
Produces a DNA molecule with one new strand and one old strand.
84
Disease
A condition that impairs the normal functioning of an organism
85
Pioneer Species
The first species to colonise an area
86
Magnification
How many times larger the image size is than the actual size.
87
Allopatric Speciation
The formation of a new species causes by geographical isolation
88
Polar
Have a partial positive and a partial negative charge on the same molecule.
89
Artificial Passive Immunity
Immunity after being injected with someone else’s antibodies.
90
Promoter
The DNA sequence before structural genes that is the binding site for RNA polymerase.
91
Intron
A section of DNA that doesn’t code for an amino acid
92
Climax Community
The last stage of succession which supports the largest and most complex community of plants and animals. Doesn’t change much - it’s in a steady state.
93
Non-specific response
A response that happens in the same way for all pathogens - ignoring their antigens.
94
Dihybrid Inheritance
The inheritance of two characteristics that are caused by different genes
95
Dynamic system
A system that is changing all the time
96
Homeobox Sequence
Section of the hox genes that code for the homeodomain.
97
Taxonomy
The study of classification
98
Limiting Factor (ecology)
Something that stops the population size of a species from increasing
99
Rio Convention on Biological Diversity
- international responsibility to protection biodiversity as is international law
- provides guidance to countries
- develops strategies to manage biodiversity sustainably
100
Natural Passive Immunity
Being given antibodies from breast milk or from the placenta.
101
Autosomal genes
Genes found on any chromosome that isn’t a sex chromosome
102
Biotechnology
The industrial use of living organisms to produce food, drugs and other products
103
Validity
The degree to which the results answer the original question.
104
Sustainable Management
Resources are taken to meet the needs of people today, without reducing the ability of people in the future to meet their own needs.
105
Epistasis
When the allele of one gene masks the expression of the allele of another gene
106
Countryside Stewardship Scheme
- pay land owners who follow management techniques
- Aims to conserve biodiversity and wildlife, and extend wildlife habitats by promoting management techniques.
- shown significant improvement in biodiversity
107
Species
A group of similar organisms that are able to reproduce to produce fertile offspring.
108
Differentiation
The process by which cells become specialised.
109
Producer
An organism that does photosynthesis - produces energy from the suns energy
110
Reliability
The ability to reproduce the same results.
111
Neutrophils
A type of phagocyte
112
Behavioural evidence
Similarities in behaviour and social organisation of organisms.
113
Unspecialised
Can develop into different types of cell.
114
Recessive
An allele that needs to be homozygous to be displayed in the phenotype
115
Trophic level
A stage in a good chain occupied by a particular group of organisms
116
Homozygous
An organism that carries two copies of the same allele in its genotype
117
Embryological Evidence
Similarities in the early development of organisms
118
Intraspecific Competition
When organisms of the same species compete with each other for the same resources.
119
Operator
A DNA sequence that transcription factors bind to
120
Interdependent
Species depending on each other to survive.
121
Active Immunity
Immunity when your immune system produces its own antibodies
122
Mutation
Any change to the base sequence of DNA is known as a mutation
123
Isolated enzymes
Enzymes that aren’t contained within cells
124
Enzyme
A protein which speeds up metabolic reactions. A biological catalyst.
125
Tertiary Structure
Further bonding within one polypeptide chain.
126
CITES Agreement
- encourages international cooperation in regulating trade in wild animals and plant specimens.
- member nations make it illegal to kill endangered species
- illegal to trade in endangered species’ products
127
Structural gene
A gene that codes for a protein that is used around the body.
128
Communicable disease
A disease that can be spread between organisms
129
Locus
The fixed position of a gene on a chromosome
130
Apoptosis
Programmed cell death
131
Population Size
The total number of organisms of one species living in an area
132
Interleukins
Chemicals produced by T helper cells to activate B lymphocytes
133
In Situ Conservation
Protection of a species in their natural habitat
134
Secondary succession
Succession that occurs on land that’s been clearly of all plants
135
Facilitated Diffusion
diffusion through channel or carrier proteins
136
Pathogen
An organism that causes disease
137
Plasmolysed
Where the membrane of a plant cell pulls away from the cell wall, under hypertonic conditions.
138
Genetic polymorphism
A locus that has two or more different alleles.
139
Direct transmission
When a disease is transmitted directly from one organism to another.
140
Pyrimidine
A base with 1 carbon ring.
141
Monoculture
The growing of a single variety of a single crop
142
Prosthetic group
A tightly bound cofactor that is permanently bound to its enzyme’s active site.
143
Natural Active Immunity
Immunity after catching a disease
144
Genetic Bottleneck
An event that causes a big reduction in a populations size
145
Clonal Selection
The activation of lymphocytes by a specific antigen.
146
Accuracy
The closeness of the results to the true answer.
147
Phosphorylation
The addition of a phosphate group.
148
Monogenic
Inherited characteristics that are caused by only one gene
149
Heterozygous
An organism that carries two different alleles in its genotype
150
Operon
Section of DNA that codes for a cluster of structural genes, that are transcribed together.
151
Anion
A negatively charged ion
152
Deflected succession
When succession is prevented by human activity
153
Allele
A different version of a gene
154
Genotype
The alleles an organism has
155
Organ
A group of different tissues that work together to perform a particular function
156
Preservation
The protection of ecosystems so they are kept exactly as they are.
157
Adaptation
Characteristics of an organism that increase its chance of survival and reproduction and increase the chances of its offspring reproducing successfully.
158
Cytokines
A messenger molecule that is released at wounds and attracts neutrophils.
159
Secondary Structure
Hydrogen bonds forming alpha helix or beta pleated sheets.
160
Immunisation
The process by which an individual develops their immunity.
161
Autoimmune Disease
A disease resulting from an abnormal immune response targeting self-antigens
162
Phenotype
The characteristics the alleles produce
163
Micropropagation
When tissue culture is used to produce lots of plant clones rapidly
164
Conservation
The protection and management of ecosystems so that the natural resources in them can be used without them running out.
165
Genetic Resources
Any material from organisms, containing genes, that we find valuable
166
Ex Situ
Off site conservation involving the removal of part of a population from a threatened habitat.
167
Passive Immunity
When your body is given antibodies made by a different organism.
168
Closed Culture
When growth takes place in a vessel that’s isolated from the external environment- no nutrients are added or waste removed
169
Splicing
The process of removing introns and joining exons.
170
Precision
The variation from the mean
171
Body Plan
The general structure of an organism
172
Habitat
An area inhabited by a species.
173
Biodiversity
The variety of living organisms in an area.
174
Molecular Evidence
Similarities in DNA and proteins
175
Antigens
Biological molecule markers found of the surface of cells which are unique to each cell.
176
Interspecific competition
When different species compete for the same resource.
177
Species evenness
The measure of the relative abundance of each species in an area.
178
Intraspecific Variation
Variation within a species.
179
Succession
The process by which an ecosystem changes over time
180
Exon
A section of DNA that codes for an amino acid
181
Cloning
The production of genetically identical cells or organisms from an existing organism
182
Epidemics
Mass outbreaks of disease
183
Carrying Capacity
The maximum stable population size of a species that an ecosystem can support.
184
Dynamic (Conservation)
Constant adaptation of the management in response to constant changes in the ecosystem
185
Reclamation
Restoring ecosystems that have been damaged or destroyed so that they can be used again
186
Management of Ecosystems
Controlling how resources are used and replaced
