Definitions & Practice questions Flashcards
(200 cards)
1
Q
Stimulus
A
an energy change that affects an organism through its receptors
2
Q
Stimulus Class
A
Any group of stimuli sharing a predetermined set of common elements in one or more dimensions
3
Q
Response
A
Specific instance of behavior or specific action of an organism
4
Q
Response Class
A
A group of responses with the same function
5
Q
A stimulus….
A
Evokes/elicits a response
6
Q
What does “S.E.A.T” stand for?
A
Sensory, Escape/Avoidance, Attention, access to Tangible
7
Q
Discriminative Stimulus (SD)
A
A signal that reinforcement is available
8
Q
Stimulus Delta (D^)
A
A signal that reinforcement is NOT available
9
Q
Respondent Behavior is….
A
Unlearned/Untaught
10
Q
Respondent Behavior
A
The response component of a stimulus response that is induced or brought out by a stimulus that precedes the behavior
11
Q
Operant Behavior is….
A
Taught/Learned
12
Q
Operant Behavior
A
Behavior whose frequency is determined by repeated history
13
Q
What does “A.B.C.” stand for?
A
Antecedent, Behavior, Consequence
14
Q
Antecedent
A
Event (SD) before the behavior
15
Q
Consequence
A
Reinforcement/Punishment
16
Q
Positive Reinforcement
A
Presentation of a stimulus that increases the frequency of a future behavior
17
Q
Negative Reinforcement
A
The removal of a stimulus that increases the frequency of a future behavior
18
Q
Positive Punishment
A
Presentation of a stimulus that decreases the frequency of a future behavior
19
Q
Negative Punishment
A
Immediate removal of a stimulus that decreases the frequency of a future behavior
20
Q
Positive
A
something is presented/added
21
Q
Negative
A
Something is withdrawn/removed
22
Q
Reinforcement
A
Future behavior is increased
23
Q
Punishment
A
Future behavior is decreased
24
Q
Motivating Operations (MO)
A
an environmental variable that increases/decreases the reinforcing/punishing effectiveness of some stimulus, object, or event; and alters the frequency of all behaviors that have been reinforced/or punished
25
Establishing Operations (EO)
Increase in the reinforcing effectiveness
26
Abolishing Operations (AO)
Decrease in the reinforcing effectiveness
27
Extinction
Immediate removal of stimulus
28
Attention
behavior functions to gain positive or negative attention
29
Escape/ Avoidance
The behavior function to get removed from or to avoid individuals/situations
30
Access
The behavior functions to gain access to something or someone
31
Sensory
The behavior function dealing with one’s own sensory sensation
32
Behaviors maintained by ______ reinforcement are placed on extinction when those behaviors ______ produce the ______
positive, do not, reinforcer
33
Behavior maintained by _____ reinforcement is placed on extinction when those behaviors ______
Negative, do not produce a removal of the aversive stimulus
34
Extinction Burst
Increase in behavior before extinction takes place
35
SD Antecedent Intervention
-eliminating SD or Cues for problematic behaviors
-providing SD or Cues for appropriate behaviors
36
MO Antecedent Intervention
-presenting an AO for reinforcer maintains inappropriate behavior
-creating an EO for reinforcer maintains positive behavior
37
Response Effort
Amount of effort exerted for the problem to occur
38
_____ response effort for the problem behavior
Increase
39
_____ response effort for desirable alternate behaviors
decrease
40
Antecedent Interventions do what?
modifies initial behavior but does not maintain
41
What is High-P (High Probability Sequence)?
two to five easy tasks with a known history of learner compliance that is presented in a quick succession immediately before requesting the target task
42
What is High-P good for?
Task refusals or Non-compliances
43
What is NCR (Non-Contingent Reinforcement)?
An intervention in which stimuli with known reinforcing properties are delivered on a FT or VT schedule regardless of the clients behavior
44
What is FCT (Functional Communication Training)?
An appropriate communicative behavior that is taught as a replacement behavior for problem behavior usually evoked by an EO
45
FCT involves…
differential reinforcement of alternate behaviors (DRA)
46
What is DRA?
-Differential reinforcement of alternate behavior
-Procedure for decreasing behavior in which reinforcement is delivered for a behavior that is a desirable alternative to the target bx
47
What is DRI?
-Differential reinforcement of incompatible behavior)
-Decreases problem behaviors by reinforcing a behavior that is incompatible with the behavior targeted for reduction
48
What is DRO?
-Differential reinforcement of zero rates
-method for decreasing problem behaviors in which reinforcement is contingent on the absence of the problem behavior at or during specific times
49
When is a reinforcer given during a DRO procedure?
after a given period of time AND the target behavior HASN’T happened
50
What is DRH?
-Differential reinforcement of high rates
- a schedule of reinforcement where reinforcement is produced at the end of an interval contingent on the number of responses emitted during an interval being greater than the clients previous performance
51
During an DRH procedure the target behavior is happening….
at a low rate
52
What is DRL?
-Differential reinforcement of low rates
-a schedule of reinforcement in which reinforcement follows each occurrence the target behavior from the previous response by an minimum IRT, or is contingent by not exceeding a predetermined criteria
53
During an DRL Procedure the target behavior is….
happening at a high rate
54
Reinforcement should be used ___ punishment is considered
Before
55
Punishment should be used with….
a reinforcement of alternate behaviors
56
What are the two types of positive punishments?
-Reprimands
-Response Blocking
57
What are the three types of negative punishment?
-Time Out Ribbons
-Planned Ignoring
-Response Cost
58
What is a time out ribbon? Give example.
-A physical signal of reinforcement
- Bracelets, Ribbons on wrist, clothespin system
59
What is planned ignoring? Give example.
-Attention, physical contact, verbal interaction removed for a period of time
-Leaving client alone for x amount of time, no hugs for x amount of time, no talking for x amount of time
60
What is response cost? Give example.
-total loss of available reinforcers immediately following a behavior or the removal of the opportunity to receive additional reinforcers
-no iPad after kicking, no snack time for running around, no tv for rest of the day for not cleaning room
61
Behavior assessments seek what?
The function that specific behavior serves in a person’s environment
62
What two behaviors are being observed during a behavioral assessment?
-The Target Behavior
- A Replacement Behavior
63
What are the three components of Operational Definition?
-brief description of the behavior
-the topography (what it looks like)
-the measurement that will be used
64
What are the three dimensional qualities used to measure behavior?
-Repeatability
-Temporal Extent
-Temporal Locus
65
Repeatability
the instance of a response class that occurs repeatedly through time;
the frequency & rate
66
Temporal Extent
Every instance of behavior that occurs during some amount of time;
or the duration
67
Temporal Locus
Every instance of behavior that occurs at a a certain point in time;
IRT & Latency
68
What are the six types of continuous measurement?
-Frequency
-Rate
-Duration
-Response Latency
-Latency
-IRT (Inter-response Time)
69
Frequency
Tally/Total count
70
Rate
Frequency/Time
71
What is Response Latency? Give Example.
-A measure of temporal locus
-The elapsed time from the onset of a stimulus to the intiation of a response
-The time it takes a child to grab and complete a puzzle when placed in front of them
72
Latency always has what?
A signal to prompt a response of some sort
73
What is IRT? Give example.
-A measure of temporal locus
-Defined as the elapsed time between two successive responses
-The time between when a child correctly matches two puzzle pieces to the time they match two more pieces
74
Duration
A measure of total extent of time in which a behavior occurs;
how long something occurs
75
What is continuous measurement?
Measurement conducted in a manner that all instances of the response class(es) of interest are detected during an observation period
76
What are the four types of discontinuous measurement?
-Whole Interval Recording
-Partial Interval Recording
-Momentary Time Sampling
-Permanent Product
77
What is whole interval recording? Give an example?
-A measurement for measuring behavior in which the observation period is divided in a series of brief intervals where the behavior is recorded only if it occurs throughout the whole time of the interval
-Sitting in seat for the whole 5 minute interval
78
What is partial time sampling? Give an example.
-time measurement method in which the behavior is recorded during brief intervals if the target behavior occurred at any point during the interval
-child claps hand at any time during 5 minute period
79
What is momentary time sampling? Give an example.
-time measurement method in which the absence or presence of the target behavior is recorded at a precisely specified time during the time interval
-teacher tells child to color from 1-1:15pm and checks to see if they are still coloring at 1:08pm
80
What is permanent product? Give an example.
-measurement of behavior in which the behavior is recorded after it has occurred by its effects produced on the environment
-sending client to store for groceries, and checking grocery bags to see if they got the right products after they return
81
What is an Inter-observer Agreement (IOA)?
the degree in which two or more independent observers report the same values after measuring the same event
82
What does the X-Axis represent?
Any passage of time
83
What does the Y-Axis represent?
Any dependent variable/behavior
84
What is the condition change line?
-lines drawn vertical from the x-axis to show points in time at which changes to the independent variable occurs
85
Condition Label
brief description printed along the top of a condition change line to explain the experimental condition (e.g. a medicine change)
86
Data points
represent a measure of the target behavior recorded during a given observation period and the time at which it occurred
87
Data Path
presents the level and trend of behavior between successive data points
88
What is a prompt?
A supplementary antecedent stimuli used to accompany a response in the presence of a SD that will eventually control the behavior
89
What are the two types of prompts?
-Stimulus Prompts
-Response Prompts
90
What is a stimulus prompt?
the clue or prompt is the stimulus or on the actual stimulus itself
91
What are the two types of stimulus prompts?
-Position Cue
-Redundancy Cue
92
What is a position cue? Give an example.
-moving the correct stimuli closer to the client
-holding the correct picture to be chosen closer to the client’s view
93
What is a redundancy cue? Give an example.
-occurs when one or more stimulus or response dimensions are paired with the correct choice
-putting a green piece of paper behind the correct choice and a red one behind the wrong choice
94
What are the four types of response prompts?
-Verbal Prompt
-Modeling Prompt
-Gestural Prompt
-Visual Prompt
95
What is a verbal prompt?
a verbal instruction or verbal clue given to the client by you
96
What is a modeling prompt? Give example.
-the client is shown or you model how to do the correct response by you
-telling client to clap hands then you clap your hands to prompt client
97
What is a gestural prompt? Give an example.
-using a gesture to move the organism to respond
-pointing to an object or nodding head
98
What is a visual prompt? Give an example.
-a picture or clue that the client see which provides information about the correct answer
-asking client “what do we ride in?” while showing a picture of a car
99
What are the two types of physical prompts? Give definition for both.
-Partial physical prompt; providing minimal assistance to physically guide the client through part of the requested activity
-Full physical prompt; providing full physical assistance to guide the client through the requested activity
100
What is prompt fading?
the procedure used to transfer stimulus control from the prompts to the natural stimulus
101
What is shaping?
a technique that reinforces successive approximation to the clients goals
102
What is task analysis?
the process of breaking a complex skill or a series of behaviors into smaller, teachable steps
103
What are the three types of chaining methods?
-Forward Chaining
-Backward Chaining
-Total Task Chaining
104
Forward Chaining
teaching method that begins with the learner being promoted and taught to preform the first behavior, and once mastered the learner is then taught the first and second steps and so on until all steps in the behavior are completed independently
105
Backward Chaining
teaching method in which the trainer completes all but the last step in the process for the client to learn, once mastered they are taught all but the last two steps and so on until all steps are able to be completed independently
106
Total Task Chaining
a teaching method variation of forward task chaining where the learner completes all steps independently and is only prompted when necessary
107
Naturalistic/Incidental Teaching
creating an environment in which the clients interests are easily fostered by which the clients interests can be easily motivated, and the RBT presents learning opportunities through the client typical activities
108
Generalization
the client can completes tasks/behaviors learned in one setting or with one person, and being able to complete it elsewhere
109
What are the two types of generalization?
-stimulus/setting generalization
-response generalization
110
Response Maintenance
the extent in which a client is able to preform the target behavior once a portion or all the interventions responsible for the behaviors initial appearance has been terminated
111
What are the four verbal operants?
-Mand (requesting/asking)
-Tact (labeling/“see & say”)
- Intra-Verbal (Questions & Answers)
- Echoic (Repeating)
112
What is Manding? Give an example.
-a verbal operant evoked by an MO and followed by a specific reinforcement
-saying “shoe” and being given a shoe
113
What is Tacting? Give an example.
- a verbal operant evoked by a nonverbal SD and followed by a generalized conditioned reinforcement
-saying shoe because you see a shoe
114
What is an inter-verbal response? Give an example.
-a verbal operant that is evoked by a SD and does not have point-to-point correspondence with that verbal stimulus
-saying “shoe” when someone asks “what do you wear on your feet?”
115
What is echoing? Give an example.
- evoked by a SD that has point-to-point correspondence and similarity with the response
-saying “shoe” after someone else says “shoe”
116
What is an unconditioned reinforcement?
a stimulus change that increases the frequency of any behavior that immediately follows it irrespective of the organisms learning history
117
An unconditioned reinforcement is …..
Unlearned
118
What is a conditioned reinforcer?
a stimulus change that functions as a reinforcer because of prior pairing with one or more reinforcers
119
A conditioned reinforcer is…..
taught/learned
120
What is contingency?
-You do it = reinforcement
-You don’t do it = no reinforcement
121
Continuous Reinforcement
used for teaching new skills or behaviors in which reinforcement follows each occurrence of the targeted behavior
122
Intermittent Reinforcement (INT)
a reinforcement schedule used to maintain behaviors in which some, but not all! occurrences of the behavior produce reinforcement
123
What are the four types of INT schedules?
-Fixed Ratio (FR)
-Fixed Interval (FI)
-Variable Ratio (VR)
-Variable Interval (VI)
124
What is an FR Schedule? Give example.
-reinforcement schedule in which reinforcement requires a fixed number of responses
-an FR4 schedule, reinforcement follows every fourth response
125
What is an FI schedule? Give example.
-reinforcement schedule in which reinforcement is given after the first response is emitted following a fixed interval of time since the last response
-an FI4, reinforcement follows every 4 minutes if behavior is completed
126
What is an VR schedule?
reinforcement varies around a average number of responses
127
What is a VI schedule?
reinforcement follows varied time durations
128
Discrete Trial Training (DTT)
any operant whose respond is controlled by a given opportunity to emit the response
129
Reflexivity is…
Matching (A=A)
RBT says fork, client says fork
130
Symmetry
A=B
the spoken word fork = a real fork
131
Transitivity
A=C
spoken word fork = picture of a fork
132
If A= a real car, B= a toy car, and C=a picture of a car…. what is taught?
A=A
A=B
B=C
133
If A= a real car, B= a toy car, and C=a picture of a car…. what is untaught?
A=C
134
Dana is a special education classroom teacher. The class has just finished their reading and spelling period, and next on the class schedule is
"free time" centers. Jon, one of Dana's students, is playing with his favorite red train on the toy train tracks. Dana sees this and walks over to Jon and says, "That looks like fun, Jon! What color is that train you are playing with?" This is an example of:
Naturalistic Teaching
135
The RBT, Joe, provided Serena a preferred sticker every time she answered 5 math problems correctly. Which schedule of reinforcement is Joe using in this example?
Fixed Ratio
136
Touching, tapping, pointing to, and nodding your head towards a specific stimulus are all examples of what type of stimulus prompt?
Gestural
137
Kendra, the RBT, teaches her client, Sarah, to tie her shoe laces by having her perform all the steps of shoe tying in the correct order for each trial. Kendra uses graduated guidance for the few steps of the shoe tying sequence that Sarah needs help to complete. This is an example of which chaining procedure?
Total Task Chaining
138
Franny, the RBT, is working with her client, Brian, on identification tasks.
Franny sits next to Brian at their work table and places three animal pictures in a line in front of him. Franny tells Brian to select the animal that has stripes. If Brian selects the correct animal, Franny delivers the reinforcer. If Brian selects the wrong animal, Franny implements error-correction by removing the line of pictures, waiting a few seconds, and re-representing the animal pictures with the same instruction. This is an example of:
Discrete Trial Training
139
Karen is an RBT and her client is a boy named Eric. When Karen is working with Eric, teaching opportunities occur throughout the day and begin with learning trials initiated by Eric to naturally occurring activities and materials. That is, the activities are based on Eric's motivation. What teaching procedure is Karen using with Eric?
Incident teaching
140
Evan's RBT is working with him on identification of tasks with cards during a discrete trial teaching (DTT) session. Each time Evan labeled a card correctly, the RBT put the card in a pile on the table. If Evan labeled a
card incorrectly, the RBT put the card back in the deck for testing again. At the end of the DTT session, the RBT counted the total number of cards in the "correct" pile on the table. In this example, the RBT is measuring:
Permanent Product
141
Mica will grab items from other people. Whenever he grabs for an item, Mica typically gains immediate access to that item. The behavior plan states that when Mica attempts to grab for an item, the item should be withheld (don't give it to him). However, when Mica vocally asks appropriately for items, the item will be given to him. Which procedure is being implemented to reduce Mica's grabbing behavior?
Differential reinforcement of alternative behavior (DRA)
142
Arianna is an adult living in a group home. Arianna brushes her teeth up to 10 times in one day and although tooth brushing is a healthy habit, the frequency with which Arianna brushes her teeth is disruptive to Arianna's other daily tasks and activities. The behavior plan specifies the use of a DRL procedure with a criterion of 3 instances of brushing teeth in one day.
When should the reinforcer be delivered?
Only if Arianna brushes her teeth 3 times or less in one day
143
Alex is a young boy who frequently gets out of his seat in the classroom. A functional assessment suggests that attention from his teacher maintains this "out of seat" behavior. To decrease Alex's out of seat behavior, his teacher now only attends to Alex when he is sitting appropriately in his seat and ignores him when he gets out of his seat.
Which differential reinforcement procedure is the teacher using in this scenario?
Differential reinforcement of incompatible behavior (DRI)
144
Shelly will appropriately mand for (request) items/activities on 8 out of 10 opportunities (80%) across three consecutive days, with at least two different people. This describes which component of the skill acquisition plan?
Mastery Criteria
145
Omar is a student in Mrs. Jenn's classroom. During the school day, Omar will jump up from his chair, run to the light switch in the classroom, and turn the lights on and off. Mrs. Jenn notices that Omar does the same thing when he is alone in the bathroom and when he is in other classrooms. When Mrs. Jenn shares this with Omar's parents, they confirm that he does the same at home and even when he is alone in his room at night. Based on this information, what is the likely function of Omar's light switch flipping behavior?
Automatic
146
In an effort to decrease the likelihood of problem behaviors during an evening routine, George implements an antecedent intervention with his daughter. George tells his daughter that she can decide whether to take her nightly bath before dinner or after dinner. Which type of antecedent intervention is George using?
Providing Choice
147
RBT Sheriel is teaching her client, James, how to pack his lunch in the morning. Using task analysis, she breaks down this skill into 9 total steps. She begins trial 1 by teaching him to complete step 1 independently.
For trial 2, she teaches him to complete steps 1 and 2 independently, For trial 3, she teaches him to complete steps 1, 2 and 3 independently, and so on. Which type of chaining procedure is Sheriel using to teach James the skill of packing his lunch?
Forward Chaining
148
Melissa is an RBT who is collecting data on her client, Wayne's, walking on the track behavior during gym class. Melissa sets a timer for 3 minutes.
When Melissa's timer beeps at the end of the 3-minute interval, Melissa looks up to see if Wayne is walking. If Wayne is walking, Melissa marks a
"+" on the data sheet. If Wayne is engaging in any behavior other than walking on the track at the end of the 3-minute interval, Melissa marks a "-" on the data sheet. What type of measurement procedure is this?
Momentary Time Sampling (MTS)
149
Cydney is an RBT collecting data on David's motor stereotypy (rocking back and forth) in the classroom. Cydney observes David across 30-second intervals. During each 30-second interval, Cydney marks a "+" as soon as she sees David engage in motor stereotypy. If she does not see motor stereotypy occur during the 30 seconds, she marks a "-' at the end of the interval. Which measurement procedure is Cydney using?
Partial Interval Recording (PIR)
150
George, an RBT, needs to identify preferred items to use during his sessions with Peter. George presents an array of seven items to Peter and allows Peter to pick one item from the array. On the next trial, George presents an array of only six items (the item that Peter picked in the previous trial was removed) and again allows Peter to pick one item.
George repeats this procedure until the last item in the array is left and a ranking of items is determined. Which preference assessment is described in this example?
Multiple Stimulus Without Replacement (MSWO)
151
A stimulus control transfer procedure refers to _____
A procedure where one stimulus which controls a certain behavior is paired with another stimulus until the new stimulus gains control over the behavior
152
Tito engages in slapping behavior when presented with instructions during learning activities. The behavior has been determined to be maintained by escape from demands. The behavior intervention plan indicates that the therapists will teach Tito to sign the word "break" so that he can get what he needs without slapping. Extinction is to be used as an intervention when slapping occurs. You present the instruction for a learning activity and Tito slaps you. Which best explains how you would implement the intervention?
Continue presenting the instruction and do not respond to the slapping behavior
153
Which would be the most conservative direct, discontinuous measurement to track a child's engagement during a class lesson?
whole interval recording
154
The goal of a stimulus preference assessment is to:
identify objects, people, or activities that may be motivating
155
Erin, a head-start preschool teacher, attempts to teach communication skills to her students by manipulating the environment. She evokes tacts and mands by placing items within the children's sight, but out of reach.
This process can be referred to as _____
incidental teaching
156
Jenny tends to kick people as she walks down the hall. If Jenny makes it all they way down the hall without kicking anyone, her aide lets her select a prize from the prize box. This is an example of____
Differential Reinforcement of an Other Behavior
157
The following procedure describes Jill, a BCBA is trying to keep a child from picking his nose and wiping his fingers on classmates. Jill requires students to hold a pencil in one hand and an eraser in another hand during their entire social skills lesson.
Differential Reinforcement of an Incompatible Behavior (DRI)
158
Extinction refers to:
withholding all reinforcement
159
An example of a dual relationship would be _____
your client's mother being your best friend
160
Your BCBA instructs you that he/she wants you to record how long your clients’ tantrums last. What type of data collection would you use?
Duration
161
The RBT recorded 18 instances of the child throwing items in the classroom. What type of continuous measurement procedure is the RBT implementing?
Frequency
162
Which measurement procedure is being used if the observer is recording if the target behavior occurred at any point in the interval?
Partial Interval Recording
163
A RBT sets a timer for 2 minutes. When the 2-minute timer goes off, the RBT looks up immediately to see if their client is sitting in their seat.
Momentary time sampling (MTS)
164
Which term is used to describe anything an organism does that is observable and measurable?
Behavior
165
A BCBA is describing to the RBT the target response for data collection. He/she then describes the physical form or shape of the behavior, in other words, what the behavior looks like. The BCBA is describing the ________ of the target behavior.
topography
166
The RBT instructed the learner that it is time to go to the classroom to practice tracing lower case letters. Once seated, the learner engages in elopement each time the RBT presents the instruction “Let’s Trace.” Based on the scenario and the 4 functions of behavior, what appears to be the function?
Escape
167
The BCBA gave the RBT 10 tasks to have the learner perform to assess whether the learner can perform the tasks or not. This is an example of:
Probing
168
This describes a principle of behavior describing a response consequence functional relation in which the response is followed immediately by a stimulus change that results in similar responses occurring more often in the future:
Reinforcement
169
Sarah cleaned her room and received $5.00 upon completion. Sarah engaged in cleaning her room more often in the future. This is an example of:
Positive Reinforcement
170
This principle of behavior occurs when a behavior is followed immediately by the removal of a stimulus that increases the future frequency of that behavior:
Negative Reinforcement
171
Intermittent reinforcement is typically used to teach new skills while continuous reinforcement is typically used to strengthen and maintain established skills: True or false?
false
172
A teacher delivers a student a break from independent seated work after exactly 1 hour since their last break. This is describing what schedule of reinforcement:
Fixed Interval
173
The BCBA delivers praise 5 times on average for each correct response. Sometimes the BCBA delivers praise after 4 correct responses and sometime after 7 correct responses. Based on this scenario, what schedule of reinforcement is being implemented?
Variable Ratio
174
This type of teaching procedure involves short, quick intervals when learning skills that involve an SD, prompts, responses, and feedback in quick succession. Typically, many trials are run at the table. This describes which teaching procedure:
DTT (Discrete trial training)
175
Laura the BCBA is working with her client on brushing teeth. She has broken down the complex skill of brushing teeth into smaller teachable steps to help her client learn this new skill. What teaching procedure is Laura implementing?
Task analysis
176
Josh is an RBT working with a client on hand washing. Handwashing is a complex skill that the clients BCBA has broken up into a sequence of small teachable steps. Josh’s BCBA instructs him that the procedure involves Josh prompting all but the last step in the behavior chain, which is performed by the learner, who then receives reinforcement for completing the chain. When the learner shows mastery in performing the last step, Josh will then complete all but the last 2 steps in the behavior chain and reinforcement is delivered. This sequence continues until the learner completes the entire chain independently. This describes what teaching procedure?
Backward Chaining
177
A stimulus that signals the availability of reinforcement is defined as a _____ and a stimulus that signals the unavailability of reinforcement is defined as ______:
SD & S-Delta
178
When Jessica is working with her client, she ensures she is always providing learning opportunities across different stimuli, various times of the day, incorporating new people, and in teaching in different settings. What is Jessica programming for?
Generalization
179
Sam sees a green ball and says “green.” Sam sees grass and says “green.” Sam also sees dark green leaves on a tree and says “green.” This is an example of:
Stimulus Generalization
180
Your client has been manding “open door” when wanting to leave the classroom as he cannot reach the door handle. Later at lunch, your client needs help opening his chip bag and says, “open door.” Again, you observe your client manding “open door” when needing help opening his water bottle. This is an example of:
Over generalization
181
This occurs when the learner emits an unlearned response which is functionally equivalent to the learned response. An example includes teaching the learner to say “hi” and you now observe the client saying “hello” and “hey” which were not taught.
Response generalization
182
Your client has met mastery criteria for tying his shoes. This behavior continues to occur after the intervention been removed. This refers to:
Maintenance
183
Systematically and differentially reinforcing successive approximations to a terminal behavior is defined as:
Shaping
184
You are working with your client on two syllable echoics, specifically “Say: mommy.” You reinforce your client saying “Ma.” A couple of days later your client echoes “mama.” You then withhold reinforcement when you client says “ma” and only reinforce “mama.” What teaching procedure is being illustrated in this example?
Shaping
185
This is a program during which the learner earns tokens contingent on appropriate behavior, but also loses 2 tokens contingent on inappropriate behavior:
Response Cost
186
Ashley engages in frequent elopement. You are observing Ashley and notice that this behavior typically occurs as soon as she is asked to complete a worksheet at school. The teacher usually responds by telling Ashley “it’s okay, you don’t have to work on it today.” What appears to be the function of Ashley eloping?
Escape
187
Which of the following reflects the main four functions of behavior commonly recognized in applied behavior analysis?
Attention, Access, Escape, Tangible
188
The three-term “ABC” contingency refers to:
Antecedent, Behavior, Consequence
189
Your client often makes inappropriate jokes at the clinic. You notice that when he does this, most of the kids around start laughing at him, increasing the likelihood that he will continue to make inappropriate jokes in the future. What appears to be the function of this behavior?
Attention
190
A _____decreases the value of a stimulus as a reinforcer and a ______ increases the value of a stimulus as reinforcer.
Abolishing operation & establishing operation
191
When working with a client who you are aware that engages in hair pulling, what is an antecedent strategy you could implement?
Wearing your hair up
192
At a minimum, how many years do client data and records need to remain secured at an organization?
7 years
193
What is the most secure location an RBT can store confidential documents between sessions?
In a secure locked bin
194
Before the onset of services, the BCBA informed the RBT that they conducted an interview with the clients’ parents and gave them a questionnaire to fill out about their child’s preferred activities. This is an example of which functional assessment?
Indirect observation
195
Johnny’s dad reprimands him for not cleaning his dishes after dinner. The next day Johnny cleans his dishes, and his father immediately stops yelling. Johnny is more likely to clean his dishes in the future. This is an example of:
Negative reinforcement
196
Your BCBA is teaching you how to implement an extinction procedure. The goal is decrease property destruction. What could be true when implementing extinction?
There could be an immediate increase in property destruction at first (extinction burst)
197
Your BCBA is using a differential reinforcement procedure to teach a replacement behavior for a client tantruming during independent seated work. The function of the behavior is escape. What replacement behavior would you be most appropriate to teach in this scenario?
Requesting a break
198
This term is used to describe what occurs immediately before “the behavior”?
Antecedent
199
This term is used to describe what occurs immediately “after” the behavior?
Consequence
200
Marlee’s mother gives her a cup of orange juice. Marlee throws the cup and screams. Marlee’s mother says, “What’s wrong? You asked for orange juice!” What was the antecedent in this scenario?
Marlee’s mother providing a cup of orange juice
