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DOPT Theory 1100 > Definitions PT3/4 > Flashcards

Definitions PT3/4 Flashcards

(112 cards)

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1
Q

Emmetropia

A

a normal eye with no refractive error

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2
Q

Ametropia

A

an eye abnormality (hyperopia, myopia and astigmatism) resulting from a faulty refractive ability of the eye

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3
Q

Presbyopia

A

farsightedness caused by loss of elasticity of the lens of the eye, occurring typically in middle and old age

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4
Q

Hyperopia

A

AKA farsightedness.
Distant light rays of light focus behind the retina when the eye is at rest.
Plus lens is used for correction.
Causes: short axial length, flatter than normal corneal curvature, smaller eye

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5
Q

Latent

A

hyperopic error that can be corrected by the eye’s accommodation

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6
Q

Manifest

A

hyperopic error that can be corrected by either plus lenses or by the patient’s own accommodation

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7
Q

Absolute hyperopia

A

hyperopic error that is not compensated for by accommodation (needs corrective lenses)

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8
Q

Myopia

A

AKA nearsightedness.
Parallel light rays of light focus in front of the retina when the eye is at rest.
Minus lens is used for correction.
Causes: steeper than normal cornea, a longer than normal eye

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9
Q

Axial myopia

A

eyeball is too long for the normal refractive power of the lens and cornea

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10
Q

Curvature myopia

A

eye is of normal size but the curvatures of the cornea and lens are steeper

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11
Q

Index myopia

A

change in the index of refraction of the lens (cataracts or diabetes can cause); requires minus lens to compensate

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12
Q

Astigmatism

A

condition where light rays are not refracted equally in all directions, so a focus point on the retina is not attained

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13
Q

Regular astigmatism

A

correctable by spherocylinder lenses and the principal meridians are at right angles to each other

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14
Q

Simple (astigmatism)

A

one of the focal lines always falls on the retina, the other falls in front (myopic) or behind (hyperopic) it

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15
Q

Compound (astigmatism)

A

both focal points lie either in front (myopic) of the retina or behind (hyperopic) it

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16
Q

Mixed astigmatism

A

one focal point lies behind the retina, whereas the other focal point lines in front of it

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17
Q

Irregular astigmatism

A

the surface of the cornea is not smooth (irregular) and therefore light rays do not refract in a predictable way to a single point.
Causes: trauma, inflammation and/or scar tissue

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18
Q

Outer coat

A

cornea, sclera and limbus

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19
Q

Middle coat

A

uvea, which consists of iris, ciliary body (ciliary muscles and ciliary processes) and choroid

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20
Q

Inner coat

A

retina, optic nerve and optic disc

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21
Q

Outer lipid layer

A

prevents evaporation of aqueous layer

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22
Q

Aqueous layer

A

provides nutrition and defense

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23
Q

Inner mucoid layer

A

keeps tear film on the epithelium

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24
Q

Focal power formula

A

F=1/f

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25
Pupillary distance
distance between the centers of each pupil in each eye. Determines where to put the optical center in each lens
26
COBC Code of Ethics
``` General Duty to the public Duty to clients Duty to the profession Duty to colleagues ```
27
General
honest and knowledgeable, improve clients well being
28
Duty to the public
educating the public in promotion of ophthalmic health
29
Duty to clients
confidentiality, maintain records
30
Duty to the profession
don't warrantee or guarantee success of care or treatment
31
Duty to colleagues
don't compete for clients, compare professional competence
32
Three regulatory documents
HPA Opticians Regulation Standard of Practice Code of Ethics
33
Authorization document
Rx for glasses or an assessment record
34
Assessment record
record produced by an independent automated refraction
35
Prescription
authorization to dispense a vision appliance
36
Automated refraction
refraction for assessing visual acuity, using computerized components
37
Independent automated refraction
automated refraction conducted without the involvement of a prescriber
38
Eye examination
includes both eye health assessment and refractive error assessment, conducted by an optometrist or ophthalmologist
39
Refraction
when light travels from one medium into another the path of light ray will be diverted
40
Reflection
when light changes direction as result of "bouncing off" a surface like a mirror
41
Index of refraction (RI) formula
RI = Speed of light in air / speed of light in new substance
42
What are the units for focal length?
Unit is in Metres
43
What are the units for power?
Unit is in Diopters
44
Prism bends light towards ___
the base
45
Prism displaces image towards ___
the apex
46
Meibomian
eyelid glands that create the lipid layer of the tear film
47
Horizontal Visible Iris Diameter
Size of the average iris (~12mm) | Size of the average eye (~24mm)
48
Lid margin
flat part of the lid that meet when your eyes blink
49
Caruncle
sweat and oil glands for the tears
50
Plica semilunaris
fleshy tissue beneath the caruncle
51
Palpebral Fissure
distance between the upper and lower lids
52
5 steps that tear flow
1. secretions from the lacrimal, meibomian and conjunctival goblet cells are distributed onto the cornea 2. secretions separate to form the 3-tier film layer 3. With each blink, tears are directed towards the nasal canthus and into the puncta 4. Afterwards, tears flow through the canaliculi to the lacrimal sac 5. tears drain through the nasolacrimal duct and into your nose
53
5 angle structures for proper aqueous humor outflow to prevent glaucoma
1. root of the iris 2. ciliary body 3. scleral spur 4. Schlemm's Canal 5. Trabecular Meshwork
54
3 tear film functions
1. forms a smooth refractive optical surface 2. maintains a moist environment of the epithelium 3. carries oxygen to the eye
55
Hyperemia
Redness of the conjunctiva. - caused by exposure to dust, wind or air pollutants - fatigue - excessive reading - excessive dryness
56
Conjunctival Hemorrhage
Extreme redness beneath conjunctiva. - Subconjunctival hemorrhage is caused by a ruptured conjunctival blood vessel - coughing or high blood pressure
57
Conjunctivitis
Inflammation of the conjunctiva - infection - allergy - toxicity
58
Allergic Conjunctivitis
Inflammation of the palepebral conjunctiva | - allergy response to allergen
59
Pinguecula
Wedge-shaped tissue mass not on cornea | - irritation of the conjunctiva associated with dry, hot climate
60
Pterygium
Wedge-shaped tissue mass on cornea | - irritation of the conjunctiva associated with dry, hot climate
61
Keratoconus
Degenerative condition of the cornea. Early resembles normal myopia. Later = thinning, steepening, irregular astigmatism, scarring
62
Keratitis (4)
Inflammation of the cornea Bacterial - caused by bacteria such as psuedomonas and acanthameoba Viral - caused by virus such as the herpes virus Toxic - caused by harmful chemicals or solutions Mechanial - caused by directly contact with the cornea
63
Entropion
in-turning eyelids
64
Ectropion
out-turning eyelids
65
Ptosis
drooping of the upper lid
66
Trichiasis
in-turning eyelashes
67
Blepharitis
inflammation of the lid margin
68
Hordeolum (acute)
localized infection or inflammation of the eyelid margin involving hair follicles of the eyelashes external (stye) - zeis glands internal - meiobomian gland
69
Chalazion (chronic)
cyst in the eyelid due to a blocked oil gland
70
Basal cell carcinoma
90% of malignant lid tumors
71
Dry eyes (Marginal or severe)
insufficient tears to lubricate and nourish the eye
72
Central Retinal Artery Occlusion
- retinal artery is blocked by an embolus. - sudden and total loss of vision, retina is grey, blood vessels are unnaturally thin and segmented. - (cherry red spot)
73
Central Venous Occlusion
- blockage of the central retinal vein. - diabetes, any conditions that causes stasis of blood flow. - blockage causes the walls of the vein to leak blood and excess fluid into the retina. - (leaking blood vessels)
74
Diabetic retinopathy
caused by damage to the blood vessels of the light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye (retina).
75
Retinal detachments
- usually tear induced | - retina peels away from its underlying layer of support tissue
76
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD)
- loss of central vision, degradation of macular tissue
77
Wet AMD
- exudative (oozing) - more severe (acute) - quick onset
78
Dry AMD
- atrophic (decreasing in size/drying) - chronic (persisting or constantly reoccurring) - slow forming
79
Hypertension (high blood pressure)
- flame-shaped hemmorrhages - exudates - "cotton-wool" spots - narrowing of the retinal arterioles - decreased visual acuity
80
Glaucoma
a condition of increased pressure within the eyeball, causing gradual loss of sight.
81
Types of glaucoma (4)
- primary open angle (chronic) - angle closure (acute) - secondary glaucoma - congenital or infantile
82
Tonometry
-Measurement of intraocular pressure 14 - 20 mmHg is normal "Puff of air" measures ocular resistance
83
Amblyopia
reduced vision in one eye caused by abnormal visual development early in life
84
Cataracts
- Result from the natural aging and degeneration of crystalline lens tissue causing cloudiness = reduced VA - Removed when they are "ripe"
85
Types of cataracts (5)
``` Nuclear sclerosis cataract Cortical cataract Posterior subcapsular cataract Traumatic cataract Diabetic cataract ```
86
Cataract treatment
``` common = phacoemulsification aphakia = crystalline lens is removed pseudophakia = new intraocular lens (IOL) is inserted ```
87
Strabismus
abnormal alignment of the eyes; the condition of having a squint. a muscle imbalance occurring in one or both eyes
88
CR-39
``` 1.498 lighter than glass more impact resistant higher UV protection tintable ```
89
Water
1.33
90
Air
1
91
Segment types
``` Round seg flat top curved top panoptik B-seg (ribbon) R-seg (ribbon) executive (Franklin) blended ```
92
Neutralizing bifocals
checking front vertex
93
Image jump
unintended but predictable consequence in almost all segmented bifocal designs
94
Polycarbonate
1.49/1.50 safest material low ABBE value
95
Crown glass
``` 1.523 heavy not as impact resistant scratch resistant good optics stable material ```
96
Abbe value
``` x>35 = no chromatic aberration x<35 = chromatic aberration ```
97
Photochromic lenses
changes, gets darker to UV lights or cold conditions
98
Polarized lenses
eliminates horizontal glare from reflective surfaces
99
Higher refractive index
higher the chromatic aberration lower ABBE value thinner lens
100
Medial rectus
in towards the nose
101
Lateral rectus
out towards the temple
102
superior rectus
up
103
inferior rectus
down
104
superior oblique
intorsion
105
inferior oblique
extorsion
106
levator palpebrae superioris
elevates the upper eyelid
107
orbicularis oculi
closes the lids
108
Fusion
the ability of the rectus and oblique muscles to keep the position of the eyes aligned so that both fovea project to the same point in space
109
Heterophoria
when muscular imbalance occurs that means that there is one muscle working better than another and fusion cannot be maintained with both eyes
110
esophoria
inward drifting of the eye when it is covered
111
exophoria
outward drifting of the eye when it is covered
112
hyperphoria
upward drifting of the eye when it is covered

DOPT Theory 1100 (3 decks)

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