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PHYSICS UNIT 5 DEFINITIONS > Definitions unit 5 > Flashcards

Definitions unit 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Internal energy

A

Some of kinetic energy and potential energy of particles/molecules in a substance

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2
Q

Ideal gas

A

Obeys Boyles Law at all temperatures It behaves in a particular way has negligible size elastic collisions identical molecules and number of particles is sufficient

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3
Q

Absolute zero

A

0K temperature at which particles have no kinetic energy and therefore no vibrations

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4
Q

Background radiation

A

Constant level of radiation both past and present for example radon gas, cosmic rays, isotopes, food and drink, rocks and soil

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5
Q

Alpha

A

Helium nucleus highly ionising charge of +2 emitted to make nuclei more stable

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6
Q

Beta

A

Fast-moving electrons or positron emitted by an atomic nucleus undergoing radioactive decay
created when a neutron becomes a proton

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7
Q

Gamma

A

High-energy electromagnetic wave

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8
Q

Spontaneous decay

A

Cannot be influenced by external forces

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9
Q

Random nature of decay

A

Cannot predict when it will decay

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10
Q

Stable

A

Sufficient amount of energy unlikely to decay

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11
Q

Half life

A

Time taken for number of nuclei to decrease to half the original number

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12
Q

Activity

A

Number of decays per second

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13
Q

Binding energy

A

Energy required to separate nucleus into constituent parts

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14
Q

Mass deficit

A

Difference between mass of nucleus and the sum of its constituent nucleons

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15
Q

Fission

A

Not having nucleus splits into two more stable nuclei with the emission of neutrons

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16
Q

Fusion

A

Joining of two smaller nuclei into one more stable nucleus with the release of energy

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17
Q

Flux

A

Power per-unit area

18
Q

Luminosity

A

Rate of energy transfer

19
Q

Inverse square law

A

For example a is proportional to 1/b^2

20
Q

Standard candle

A

Astronomical object of known luminosity

21
Q

Exponential

A

Fractional change in y is same as each incremental change in x

22
Q

Power law

A

y=ax^n

log(y)=log(a)+nlog(x)

23
Q

Black body radiator

A

A black body is one absorbs all wavelengths of radiation falling on it at all temperatures, this means that the energy flex omitted depends only on the bodies temperature and not its composition

24
Q

The Doppler effect

A

An change in the frequency relative to the movement of the source from the observer

25
Q

Cosmological redshift

A

Similar to the Doppler redshift,

But it’s actually due to the expansion of space itself

26
Q

Age of the universe

A

Hubbles constant=1/t

27
Q

Critical density

A

Density at which the universe will continue to expand or stop expanding and contract

28
Q

Open universe

A

The universes density is less than the critical density

29
Q

Closed universe

A

The universes density is greater than the critical density

30
Q

Dark matter

A

Matter that doesn’t interact. Can be detected using gravitational lensing as dark matter bends EM waves

31
Q

Hubble constant

A

=v/d

32
Q

Conditions for SHM

A

Acceleration or force is directed towards equilibrium and this force is proportional to the displacement from the equilibrium point

33
Q

Free oscillations

A

No energy loss occurred from an oscillator the motion will continue indefinitely

34
Q

Forced oscillations

A

Made to vibrate at the frequency of the external driving force

35
Q

Damping

A

The amplitude is reduced and energy is transferred out of the system where it is dissipated to the surroundings

36
Q

Resonance

A

The driving frequency equals the natural frequency

Causes large increase in amplitude

37
Q

Plastic deformation of ductile materials

A

If oscillations are forced upon ductile materials, energy will be absorbed due to plastic deformation and motion will be damped

38
Q

Mean square speed

A

Square each speed, divide by total number of speeds

39
Q

Root mean square speed

A

Self explanatory

40
Q

Specific heat capacity

A

Energy needed to increase 1 kg by 1K

PHYSICS UNIT 5 DEFINITIONS (1 decks)

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