Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

PASS > Defintions > Flashcards

Defintions Flashcards

(110 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Public health

A

The art and science of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting Heath through the organised efforts of society

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The three domains of public health

A

Health improvement
Health protection
Healthcare public health

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Health improvement

A

Preventing ill health and promoting wellbeing by commissioning and providing services that fit with the need of our population

E.g. sexual health
Drugs and alcohol
Quitting smoking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Health protection

A

Ensuring that the risks to health from communicable disease/environmental hazards are minimised

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Healthcare public health

A

Making sure we have the right health services in place for the population and that these are effective and accessible to all those who need them

E.g prioritisation
Needs assessment
Service design

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Primary prevention

A

To prevent the onset of disease or injury by reducing exposure to risk factors

E.g immunisation
Posters/campaigns
Health related behaviours - smoking
Environmental factors e.g.asbestos
Precautions w/ communicable disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Secondary prevention

A

To detect and treat a disease or its risk factor at an early stage in order to prevent progression or potential future complications of the disease

E.g. screening for cancer
Monitoring and treating blood pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Tertiary prevention

A

To minimise the effects of established disease

E.g. surgery
Medication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Biomedical model

A

Disease is caused by pathogens, injury, physiological change or damage.

Individuals not to blame - causes out of their control

Treated through intervention - surgery, drugs

Medical team solely responsible for treatment

Pyschology (mood) as an effect of illness not a cause.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Biopysocosocial model

A

Disease is caused by biological, psychological and social factors

E.g pathogens, genetics, physiology
Behaviour, emotion
Socioeconomic status, housing, support

Health status is a consequence of a variety of factors including lifestyle

Treat physical illness + helping with housing, anxiety, loneliness

The medical team and patient responsible for treatment

Psychosocial factors are an effect but also a cause for illness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Health inequalities

A

Uneven distribution of health or health resources as a result of genetic + other factors or the lack of resources

Unfair/avoidable differences in life expectancy, mortality, morbidity or disability between groups within the same country

Equality = sameness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Inequity

A

Unfair and avoidable differences arising from poor governance, corruption or cultural exclusion

Equity = fairness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Socio economic status measurement

A

Individual occupation

The area in which people live - index of multiple deprivation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Health measurement

A

Life expectancy

Infant mortality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Black report

A

Explanations for health inequalities:

  • artefact
  • social selection
  • behavioural-cultural
  • materialist

+ psychosocial
+ income distribution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Artefact

A

Health inequalities are evident due to the way statistics are collected

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Social selection

A

Direction of causation is from health to social position

Sick individuals move down social hierarchy, healthy individuals move up

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Behavioural cultural

A

Ill health is due to peoples choices/decisions, knowledge and goals

E.g. people from disadvantaged backgrounds tend to engage in more health damaging behaviours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Materialist

A

Inequalities in health arise from differential access to material resources

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Pyscosocial

A

Unequal distribution of the social determinants of health, such as education, housing and employment, drives inequalities in physical and mental health. There is also extensive evidence that ‘psychosocial’ factors, such as work stress, influence health and wellbeing.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Income distribution

A

Relative, not average, income affects health

Countries with a greater income inequality have greater health inequalities

The most egalitarian societies, not the richest, that have the best health

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Measuring access to healthcare

A

Based on UTILISATION which measures receipt of services

Difficult to interpret

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Lay beliefs

A

Constructed beliefs about health and illness by people with no medical knowledge

Draw upon cultural,social, personal knowledge and own biography

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Health

A

State of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Negative health
Health equates to the absence of illness
26
Functional health
Health is ability to do certain things
27
Positive health
Health is a state of wellbeing and fitness
28
Health behaviour
Activity undertaken for purpose of maintains health and preventing illness
29
Illness behaviour
Activity of ill person to define illness and seek solution
30
Illness iceberg
Most symptoms never get to a doctor
31
Sick role behaviour
Formal response to symptoms including seeking formal help and action of person as a patient
32
Lay referral
The chain of advice seeking contacts which the sick make with other lay people prior to or instead of seeking help from healthcare professionals
33
Early presenters
Experienced significant and rapid impact on functional ability
34
Delayers
Often developed explanations for symptoms that related to preceding activities Recognition that this explanation was inadequate to explain symptom progressions prompts consultation Perceptions of typical victim and typical symptoms are wrong - don’t recognise use variation and mildness of some symptoms
35
Deniers
Don’t accept they have the illness
36
Acceptors
Accept and take their treatment
37
Pragmatists
Accept illness but not in all circumstances i.e asthma not a long term illness therefore only use relief medication
38
Long term condition
Long term Profound influence on lives of sufferers Often co-morbid conditions
39
Illness narratives
Refer to the story telling and accounting practices that occur in the face of illness Much sociological research on LTCs is based on this
40
Illness work
Diagnosis Mangaging the symptoms Self management Coping and dealing with the physical manifestations of the illness. Body changes might lead to self conception changes
41
Everyday life work
Coping - cognitive roles involved with dealing with illness Strategy - actions and processes involved in managing the condition and its impact Try to keep preillness lifestyle or redesignate your new life as ‘normal life’
42
Emotional work
The work people do to protect the emotional well being of others Deliberately maintains normal activities Withdraw from social terrain Downplaying pain and presenting as cheery
43
Biographical work
Loss of self Former self image crumbles away without simultaneous development of a new one Interaction between body and identity
44
Identity work
Establishment and maintenance of an acceptable identity Stigma
45
Discreditable
No illness can be seen but if found out, can affect patients even more due to the stigma of their condition E.g. aids, mental illness
46
Discredited
Physically visible characteristic or well known stigma that sets them apart E.g physical disability, epilepsy
47
Felt stigma
Fear of enacted stigma Fear of discrimination and prejudice whilst also encompassing a feeling of shame
48
Enacted stigma
The real experience of prejudice, discrmation and disadvantage as a consequence of a condition
49
Classical conditioning
Environmental or emotional cues linked to a behaviour
50
Operant conditioning
Behaviour is shaped by consequences
51
Social learning
People can learn vicariously - from observation/modelling
52
Theories linked to behaviour
1. Learning theories - classical conditioning - operant conditioning - social learning 2. Social cognition models - cognitive dissonance theory - health belief model - theory of planned behaviour 3. COM-B model
53
Cognitive dissonance theory
Discomfort when hold inconsistent beliefs or actions/events don’t match beliefs Reduce discomfort by changing beliefs or behaviour
54
Health belief model
Beliefs about health threat Beliefs about health related behaviour Cues to action
55
Theory of planned behaviour
Attitude toward behaviour Subjective norm Percieved control LEADS TO INTENTION but not necessarily action
56
COM - B
Behaviour linked between: Capability - physical and psychological Motivation - reflective and automatic Opportunity - physical and social
57
Substance abuse
The harmful/hazardous use of psychoactive substances including alcohol and illicit drugs
58
Dependence syndrome
Cluster of behavioural, cognitive and physiological phenomena that developed after repeated substance abuse - strong desire to take the drug - withdrawal state - higher priority than other symptoms - increased tolerance - difficulties in controlling its use - persisting even when knowing consequences
59
Physical dependence
Experiencing symptoms associated with withdrawal
60
Psychological dependence
Impaired control (addiction)
61
Compliance
The extent to which the patient complies with medical advice
62
Adherence
The extent to which a persons behaviour corresponds with agreed recommendations from a healthcare provider E.g taking medication, following a diet, lifestyle change More patient centred
63
Concordance
The negotiation between the patient and doctor over treatment regimes, implies patient is active and in partnership with the doctor
64
Unintentional non-adherence
Practical problems E.g poor memory, difficulty administering treatment, inability to pay, poor comprehension of instructions
65
Intentional non-adherence
Patients don’t want to adhere Conscious decision not to follow treatment based on beliefs, attitudes and expectations
66
Adherence model
``` Patient factors Psychosocial factors Healthcare factors Treatment factors Illness factors ```
67
Inclusion health
A service, research and policy agenda that aims to prevent and redress health and social inequalities among the most vulnerable and excluded
68
Health promotion
The process of enabling people to increase control over and improve their health
69
Universal health promotion approaches
Aim to reduced risks across the whole population E.g. sugar tax
70
Targeted health promotion approaches
Aim to identify those most at risk and then tailor messages and approaches to that group/groups E.g. breast feeding indicative in young mums
71
Harm paradox
Population risk is affected but individual risk for many is not and this then affects percieved credibility
72
Social policy
Local, national or international culture and policy E.g. smoking ban in public places
73
Fiscal approaches
Taxation or other approaches to discourage harming health behaviours E.g. tax on cigarettes and alcohol
74
Bans and restrictions
Reducing availability, using legal powers, restricting use in certain areas E.g. making substances illicit, restricting sales of alcohol and cigarettes
75
Obesity
An abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that presents a risk to health
76
Criteria for screening
- condition - test - intervention - screening programme - implementation
77
Lead time bias
Early diagnosis falsely appears to prolong survival
78
Length time bias
Screening programmes between at picking up slow growing, unthreatening cases than aggressive, fast growing ones
79
Selection bias
Studies of screening often skewed by ‘heathy volunteer’ effect- those who have regular screening are also likely to do other things to protect them from disease
80
Sensitivity
The proportion of people with the disease who test positive
81
Specificity
The proportion of people without the disease who test negative
82
Positive predictive value
Probability that someone who has tested positive actually has the disease
83
Negative predictive value
Probability that someone who test negative for the disease doesn’t actually have the disease
84
Explicit rationing
The use of institutional procedures for the systematic allocation of resources within the healthcare system Technical processes - assessments of efficacy and equity
85
Implicit rationing
The allocation of resources through individual clinical decisions without the criteria for this decisions being explicit
86
Scarcity
Need outstrips resources - prioritisation is inevitable
87
Efficiency
Getting the most out of limited resources
88
Equity
The extent to which distribution of resources is fair
89
Effectiveness
The extent to which the intervention produces a desired outcome
90
Utility
The value an individual places on a health state
91
Opportunity cost
Once you have used a resource in one way, you no longer have it to use in another way Measured in benefits foregone
92
Technical efficiency
Most efficient way of meeting a need E.g. antenatal care be community or hospital based
93
Allocative efficiency
Choosing between the many needs that need to be met E.g. fund hip replacements or neonatal care
94
Economic evaluation
Compares inputs/resources and outputs/benefits of alternative interventions 1. Cost minimisation analysis 2. Cost effectiveness analysis 3. Cost benefit analysis 4. Cost utility analysis
95
Patient reported outcomes
Any report of the status of a patients health condition that comes directly from the patient, without interpretation by a clinician or anyone else
96
Patient reported outcome measures
The tools or instruments used to measure PROs - turn subjective experiences into numerical scores that can easily be utilised
97
Quality of life
Multi-dimensional concept that includes domains related to physical,mental,emotional and social functioning
98
Health related quality of life
The functional effect of an illness and its consequent therapy upon a patient, as perceived by a patient.
99
Reliability
Is the instrument accurate over time and internally constant
100
Validity
Does the instrument actually measure what is intended to measure
101
Specific PROMs
Disease specific Site specific Dimension specific
102
Reflective motivation
Self beliefs, attitudes and evaluations of exercise
103
Automatic motivation
Fears and inhibition
104
Implementation intentions
Simple plan in the form of ‘if X, then i will Y’ ``` X = relevant situation Y = response ```
105
Stigma
The identification or recognition of a negatively defined condition, attribute, trait or behaviour in a person or group of people.
106
Features of Ottawa charter
Enabling people to increase control over and improve their health Maximising social and personal resources, as well as physical capacities Goes beyond healthy lifestyles to encompass well being more broadly
107
Uptake
The proportion of those invited who take up the invitation to participate
108
Coverage
The proportion of eligible population who have been screened within a given time period
109
Limitations of parsons sick role behaviour theory
1. Not all illness are temporary 2. Does not acknowledge the difference between people 3. Does not acknowledge individual agency in defining and coping with illnesses
110
Screening
The presumptive identification of unrecognised disease or defective by conducting test, examinations or procedures Rapidly sort out symptom free people who do and do not have the disease

PASS (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions