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Physics and Engineering > Defintions and equations > Flashcards

Defintions and equations Flashcards

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1
Q

Define Displacement

A

Distance in a given direction

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2
Q

What is the equation for Displacement

A

s = v x t
displacement = velocity x time

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3
Q

Define velocity

A

The rate of change of displacement

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4
Q

What is the equation for Velocity

A

v = Δ s / Δ t
velocity = change in displacement / change in time

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5
Q

Define Acceleration

A

Rate of change of velocity

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6
Q

What is the equation for Acceleration

A

a = Δ v / Δ t
acceleration = change in velocity / change in time

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7
Q

Define Current

A

The rate of flow of Charge

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8
Q

What is the equation for Current

A

I = Δ Q / Δ t
current = change in charge / change in time

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9
Q

Define the Coulomb

A

1 Coulomb is the charge that crosses a section of circuit in 1 second when a current of 1 amp flows

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10
Q

Which direction does Conventional Current flow

A

From positive (+) to negative (-)

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11
Q

Which direction do electrons flow

A

From negative (-) to positive (+)

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12
Q

What is the equation for current in a material

A

I = nAve
current = free electron density x cross-sectional area x electron drift velocity x charge

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13
Q

Define Voltage

A

Voltage is the energy transferred per coulomb of charge (The number of joules transferred per coulomb of charge)

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14
Q

What is the equation for Voltage

A

V = W / Q
voltage = energy / charge

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15
Q

Define Resistance

A

The ratio of potential difference to current

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16
Q

What is the equation for Resistance

A

R = V / I
resistance = voltage / current

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17
Q

Define Ohm’s Law

A

Provided the temperature is consistent, the Voltage (V) across something is proportional to the Current (I) through it

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18
Q

Define “a negative temperature coefficient of resistance”.

A

This is when the resistance of a component decreases with temperature

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19
Q

Define “a positive temperature coefficient of resistance”.

A

When a component’s resistance increases with its temperature

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20
Q

What is the SUVAT equation that links v, u, a and t?

A

v = u + at

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21
Q

What is the SUVAT equation that links v, u, a and s?

A

v^2 = u^2 + 2as

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22
Q

What is the SUVAT equation that links s, u, t and a?

A

s = ut + (1/2)at^2

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23
Q

What is the SUVAT equation that links s, u, v and t?

A

s = (1/2)(u + v)t

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24
Q

When using SUVAT, what does each letter mean?

A

S - Displacement, m
U - Initial Velocity, ms^-1
V - Final Velocity, ms^-1
A - Acceleration, ms^-2
T - Time, s

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25
What is the equation that links both graphing intercepts and the gradient?
y = mx + c Y-Intercept = Gradient(x) + X-Intercept
26
Define Moment
The force multiplied by the perpendicular distance from line of action of force, to pivot point
27
What is the equation for Moment?
moment = force x perpendicular distance to pivot moment = F x d
28
Define Torque
The rotational motion when two equal forces act in opposite directions
29
What is the equation for Torque?
torque of a couple = force x perpendicular distance between the forces t = F x d
30
Define A Couple
The pair of equal, parallel forces which act in opposite directions to produce rotational motion only
31
Define Mass
The property of a body which resists change in velocity
32
Define Weight
The force that acts upon a mass due to a gravitational influence
33
What is the equation for Weight?
weight = mass x gravitational field strength w = m x g
34
Define Equilibrium
When the resultant forces/moment acting on an object are 0 on all axis
35
Define 1 Newton
The force required to give a mass of 1kg an acceleration of 1ms^-2
36
What is the secondary equation for calculating the resistance of two objects in parallel?
R(t) = R(1) x R(2) / R(1) + R(2)
37
Define The Centre of Gravity
The point at which the weight of an object acts
38
Where is the centre of gravity on a uniform shape?
The centre of the object
39
Define Coherent
Two or more waves with the same frequency and constant phase difference
40
Define Unpolarised
Electromagnetic radiation that oscillates in multiple planes at once
41
Define Polarised
Electromagnetic waves that only oscillate in a single direction
42
Define Strain Energy
The energy inputted during Plastic Deformation
43
What is the equation for Strain Energy
W = 1/2 x kx^2 = 1/2 x Fx Energy = 1/2 x stiffness x extension^2 = 1/2 x force x extension
44
Define Hooke’s Law
The force is proportional to the extension, up until the elastic limit is reached
45
What is the equation for Hooke’s Law
F = kx force = stiffness x extension
46
What is the alternate equation for Strain Energy
W = 1/2 x Fx Strain energy = 1/2 x Force x extension
47
Define Ultimate Tensile Stress
The maximum stress that a material can withstand before failing
48
What is the equation for Stress
σ = F/CSA stress = force / cross sectional area
49
What is the equation for Strain
ε = Δl/l strain = extension / length
50
Define Yield Stress
The maximum stress a material can withstand before it begins to plastically deform
51
Define Stress
Force inputted to deform something
52
Define Pressure
The amount of force per unit area
53
What is the equation for Pressure
P = F / A pressure = force / area
54
Define Archimedes Principle
The size of the upthrust force is always equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object
55
Define Upthrust
Upthrust is the force that opposes weight when an object is submerged
56
What is the equation for Upthrust
U = Vgp upthrust = volume displaced by object x acceleration from gravity x density of fluid
57
Define Hydrostatic Pressure
Pressure due to a fluid acting on an object
58
What is the equation for Hydrostatic Pressure
p = hgρ hydrostatic pressure = height of column x acceleration due to gravity x density of fluid
59
What is the Crossover Equation
p(1) x V(1) / T(1) = p(2) x V(2) / T(2) pressure (1) x volume (1) / temperature (1) = pressure (2) x volume (2) / temperature (2)
60
Define Viscosity
A fluids ability to resist shear forces
61
What is the equation for Absolute Pressure
Absolute pressure = Gauge pressure + Atmospheric pressure
62
Define Dynamic Viscosity
The ratio of shear stress to velocity gradient
63
Define Kinematic Viscosity
The ratio of dynamic velocity to density
64
What is the equation for Kinematic Viscosity
KV = DV / ρ kinematic viscosity = dynamic viscosity / density
65
Define Standard Error
The standard error of the mean is a measure of how accurate your calculated mean is likely to be
66
What is the equation for Standard Error
Standard Error = σ / [2r](N) standard error = standard deviation / [2r](number in the sample)
67
Define Fluid Flow due to Pressure Difference
Fluid flows down a pressure gradient
68
Define A simple machine
Anything that changes the magnitude or the line of action of a force
69
What is the equation for Mechanical Advantage
MA = oT / iT = oF /iF mechanical advantage = output teeth / input teeth = output force / input force
70
What is the equation for Velocity Ratio
VR = iT / oT = oD / iS velocity ratio = input teeth / output teeth = output rotational speed / input rotational speed
71
Define Mechanical Advantage
The ratio of the output torque/force to the input torque/force
72
Define Velocity Ratio
The ratio of rotational speed of the output gear to the rotational speed of the input gear
73
What is the equation that links Mechanical Advantage and Velocity Ratio
MA = 1 / VR mechanical advantage = 1 / velocity ratio
74
What is the equation to combine Velocity Ratios
VR(x) = VR(1) x VR(2) velocity ratio = velocity ratio (1) x velocity ratio (2)
75
What is the arrangement for a Class 1 Lever
F(i) —— f —— F(o)
76
What is the arrangement for a Class 2 Lever
F(i) —— F(o) —— f
77
What is the arrangement for a Class 3 Lever
f —— F(i) —— F(o)
78
What’s the rule for remembering the Classes of Lever
F | L | E 1 | 2 | 3 Fulcrum in the middle, Class 1 Lever in the middle, Class 2 Effort in the middle, Class 3
79
Define Momentum
The product of Mass multiplied by Velocity
80
What is the equation for Momentum
p = mv momentum = mass x velocity
81
What is the rule for Momentum?
Momentum in a collision is always conserved fully
82
What is Work Done also known as
Energy, in Joules
83
What is the equation for Work Done
W = Fs work done = force x displacement
84
What is the equation for Gravitational Potential Energy
gpe = mgΔh gravitational potential energy = mass x 9.8 x change in height
85
What is the equation for Kinetic Energy
Ek = 1/2 mv^2 kinetic energy = 1/2 x mass x velocity^2
86
What is the definition for Power
The rate at which work is done
87
What is the equation for Power
P = W/t = ΔE/t power = work done / time = change in energy / time
88
What is the equation for Momentum?
p = mv momentum = mass x velocity
89
What is the Basic Equation for Completing the square
x^2 + bx = (x + b/2)^2 - (b/2)^2
90
What’s the Advanced Method to completing the square
ax^2 + bc + c -> a(x + m)^2 + n where m = b/2a and n = c - b^2/4a
91
What is the Equation for Frequency Density
frequency density = frequency / class width
92
What is the Potential Dividers Eqution
Vout = Vin x R / Total Voltage out = Voltage in x Resistance / Total resistance
93
What is the equation for Drift Velocity
V = I / nAe Velocity = Current / Charge carrier density x Cross sectional area x Charge on an electron

Physics and Engineering (7 decks)

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