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delay grat Flashcards

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1
Q

define self control

carver and sheier 1982

A

process in which people adopt and manage various goals and standards for their thoughts feelings and beh
ensure goals and standards are met
preference towards abstract higher order goals over concrete short term rewards

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2
Q

self reg vs self control

A

self control is a type of self reg but self reg is larger than just self control
ie homeostasis

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3
Q

dual motive conceptualisation of self control

fujita 2011

A

advocate distal>proximal motivations when in competition
only when conflict is recognised
proximal motivation threatens success towards distal goal

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4
Q

most common form of self control in research

A

as effortful inhibition of thoughts feelings or behaviour when activates spontaneously in response to a salient temptation in the environment

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5
Q

support for self control as effortful inhibition

papies stoebe and aarts 2007

A

exposure to words assoc with palatable foods distracts restrained eaters by activation pos hedonic thoughts on food

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6
Q

support for self control as effortful inhibition

impulses and sc failure

A

stronger pos assoc to smoking/drinking, tje more likel one is to smoke/drink in excess

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7
Q

support for self control as effortful inhibition

shiu and fedorkhin 1999/hinson james and whitney 2003

A

chose choc cake>fruit when rehearsing long digit string

- cog load exacerbates temp discounting of reward - more likely to opt for immediate>delayed

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8
Q

why is definition of self control as effortful inhibition problematic

A

overreliance on inhibition symptomatic of control definiciencies - vulnerable to cog load, distraction and depletion (fujita)
rather than a single, fallible strategy - sc should be maintianed as a range of strategies which allow agentic and poactive control and prevent self control failure

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9
Q

alt types of sc strategies

A

reg of availability and opportunity of temptation
unconscious or habitual sc
cognitive reconstrual

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10
Q

reg of availability and opportunity

thaler and shefrin 1981

A

avoid/limit exposure
no direct encounter - no need to effortfully inhibit
ie cgirstmas accounts and early withdrawal prevent impulsive spending

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11
Q

unconscious or habitual sc

fishbach et al 2013

A

automasticity of sc behaviour - activate goal striving in response to tempt cues
- automatically bias to promote goal in the face of temptation or implicit auto neg eval of temptation
ie auto approach/avoidance

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12
Q

relation of implmentation intentions to habitual sc

A

thought that implementation intentions link contextual/situational cues to goal striving means
- implement plan when in correct ocntext

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13
Q

cognitive reconstrual in sc

A

high or low construal
high - abstract, distal, focus on general
low - concrete, immediate, focus on unique

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14
Q

moore mischel and zeiss 1976

cog reconstrul in sc

A

food as pic or pic as food

abstract construal as pic hegihtened delay for reward

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15
Q

factors which may impact control strategies

A

conflict identification
lay theories/beliefs
commitment vs progress frame
deliberative vs implemental mindset

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16
Q

define conflict identification prob in self control

A

implementation of sc strategies requires on recog there be a conflict in the first place
recog a need to beh in best interests of higher order goal

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17
Q

define lay theories/beliefs prob in self control

A

limited vs unlimited theory
perceptions that sc limited, or trainable, or malleable impact how willing to persist, types of strategies that implement

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18
Q

define commitment vs progress frame prob in self control

A

progress permits failure as lenient to temptation

commitment permits consistency

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19
Q

deliberative vs implemental mindset prob of sc

A

deliberative plan, weigh pros and cons of diff goals

implemental carry out goal decisions/actions

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20
Q

eval of temptations

A

temptations are subjective

based on individual perceptions and experiences

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21
Q

define control motivation

A

motivation to avoid temptations, or at least for them to be infrequent

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22
Q

define capacity effort

A

effort to be exerted to maintain motivation, perform sc strategies and elicit successful sc

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23
Q

self control diagram - describe

A

recognise temptation, with goal brought to attention - recognise conflict
initiate control motivation - lead to control strategies and thus, self control behaviours
control motivation, strategies and behaviours are mediated by capacity effort/willpower

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24
Q

define the delay of grat paradigm

metcalfe and mischel 1999

A

one element within sc research to investigate
tests ability to avoid short term temptations in the prospect of longer term outcomes/rewards/goals
parses out individual diff in self reg capavilities

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25
describe typical marshmallow test | mischel et al 1989
``` different ages of children place marshmallow in front ring bell if want to stop and eat otherwise wait for experimenter - if wait, get x2 marshmallows - see how long will wait for ```
26
basic findings from marshmallow test
ability to wait dependent on age - 2y/o much more difficult preference for the delayed reward decreases with time (ainslie) preference for delayed reward increases when reward value increases and when closer to reciept
27
describe ainslie rachlin model(1975)
value of reward changes as a function of the time remaining until reward reciept longer delay = less value temporal discounting increases as reward approaches
28
shoda, mischel and peake 1990 | delay grat and cog/social outcomes
ability to delay grat from a oung age is predictive of cog/social outcomes decades later - wait longer = higher sat scores
29
hot and cold system of delayed gratification
metcalfe and mischel 1999
30
define the hot and cool system
dual systems account of self control framework to understand processes that enable and undermine self control hot and cold systems extend to the ppoint that an action is planned but seperate from response budder that initiates/determines behaviour
31
basic dual systems perspective
have one fast reflective system that aims towards immediacy, and one slower reflective system that processes and regulates behaviour 1. automatic - fast, unconscious, reflecive, effortless 2. reflective- slow, conscious, reflective, self regulator and effortful
32
development of dual systems | zajonc 1980
affect and cog believed to be controlled by two seperate systems
33
development of dual systems | schacter and singer 1962
arousal is a diffuse state | emotion precedes any immediate knowledge of it
34
define hot system
"go" system emotional, fast, early in development attenuated by stress bottom up/stimuli controlled
35
define cold system
"know" system cognitive, complex and reflective slow and initiates self control
36
describe hot cognitions/hot spots | metcalfe and jacobs 1998
areas assoc with the limbic system and amygdala emotional, reactive and not interconnected undermines self control fundamental for pavlovian conditioning quick stimuli-response concrete/emotional
37
describe cold cognitions/cold nodes | metcalfe and jacobs 1998
areas assoc with hipp and frontal/cortical integration relate to complex thought and temp lag specialised for complex spatiotempotal and episodic representaiton and thought - comprehension, semantics, wm, metacog and planning elaborately connected - not immediate approach/avoid but reflective deliberation abstract
38
what may influence the balance between the hot and cool system on determining behaviour
stess developmental level individual self reg dynamics/ability
39
how are the hot spots and cool nodes theorised to interact
both systems can hold at the same time any one stimulus rep BUT hot spots have corresponding cool nodes - when one active, so is the other cool nodes have less corresponding hot spots therefore not all stimuli will be represented as emotional - cool node likely to mediate initially hot event - insufficient cool node activation may spread to hot and motivate approach to temptation
40
how are hot spot and cool node interactions thought to play a role in development and sc outcome
ounger in development more hot spots than cool nodes and less corresponding cool nodes to any one hot spot therefore more impulsive- driven towards temptation more cool nodes develop as get older = improved sc - link to maturity of hipp and cortical/frontal areas
41
pros to cold node integration onto hot spots
allow to mediate initially hot event | make goals salient, stay in pustuit of LT and overcome impulses
42
learning in the dual system model
nodes learn to the extent they are activated above some baseline level (biological) - some may be more or less chronically activated than others degree of learning depend on bio predisposition, experiences, stress and maturity
43
priming in the dual system
temporary activation of hot or cool increases activity towards threshold makes more likely that will influence behavioural action + increases likelihood of assoc activation (ie if lots of cool to an activated hot - more likely to control)
44
mischel and baker 1975 | hot/cool representations and delay of gratification determination
ability to delay grat dependent on undelying cog representations hot/cool reflect attention to motivational/concrete aspects, or abstract/cognitive aspects (cool)
45
define frustration tolerance | mischel and baker 1975
ability to supress goal object by cog avoiding/supressing attention to the reward until a goal is attained
46
mischel and baker 1975 study - means of frustration tolerance method
marshmallows/pretzels 1. consume relevant - thing of hot aspects of tempt 2. consume irrelevant - think of hot of diff food 3. transform relevant - think cold aspects of tempt 4. transform irrelevant - think of cold aspects of diff food
47
mischel and baker 1975 study - means of frustration tolerance results
``` high delay: consume irrelevant (distract with hot) transform relevant (cold of tempt) low delay: consume relevant transoform irrelevant (hot too distract) ``` cog cool facilitate delay - enocurage distraction/attention away from hot of temptation
48
mischel and moore 1973 | real vs non real
rewards as pics on slide "symolic" delay sig increase - more delay than comparable non-tempt distractor slides
49
mischel and moore 1973 real vs non real explanation
imagery may act as a cue/reminder but because it is not 'real' and cannot be immediately attained it does nto increase hot/frustration actual reward increases frustration because try to block hot but often fails
50
metcalfe and jacobs 1998 | stress of delay grat
hot potentiate stress up to higher levels than cool cool becomes increasingly dysfunctional - shift towards hot (yerkes dodson)
51
advantages of stress on hot/cool system
low stress - facilitates complex thinking, planning and memory high stress - facilitates quick, innate responses and allows immediate action where necessary
52
sapolsky 1996 | problem with chronic stress on hot/cool system
if chronic: correlate with decrease in hipp volume (episodic memory) may encourage a permanent shift towards hot > cool
53
define baumeister and heatherton 1996 | strength model - stress
stress increases emotion + irritation limited cog strength - depleted resources ie under cog load lead to diminished control capacity
54
strategies that facilitate the cool system
internal/external hot spot dimunition selective internal/external distraction cognitive reframing of stimulus
55
strategies that facilitate the cool system | internal/external hot spot dimunition
internal - ignore stimulus presence/distract | external - obscure from view
56
strategies that facilitate the cool system | selective internal/external distraction
activate non-relevant hot/cool representations of external stimuli or internal activation of irrelevant hot nodes to divert cog affect energy
57
strategies that facilitate the cool system | cognitive reframing of stimulus
external stimulus represented abstractly
58
strategies that facilitate the cool system external hot spot dimunition mischel and ebbsen 1970
external obscure of tempt | 75% wait 15+ mins more
59
strategies that facilitate the cool system internal hot spot dimunition rodrigues, mischel and shoda 1989
ignoring/diverting attention 6-12y/os attention to reward vs non reward related stimuli attention to non relevant sig predict delay time
60
strategies that facilitate the cool system internal/external hot spot dimunition problem
requires the individual not think about, encounter or seek out the temptation which may be somewhat difficult to control
61
strategies that facilitate the cool system selective external distraction mischel and baker 1975
consume irrelevant
62
strategies that facilitate the cool system selective external distraction mischel 1972
slinky increase wait time by 15+ mins than those without a distractor - MUST BE HOT DISTRACTOR (consume irrelevant) - MUST BE IRRELEVANT (NOT SAME CAT)
63
strategies that facilitate the cool system selective external distraction mischel 1972 - value of distractor
only holds instrumental value when it acts to bridge the delay towards reciept of the tempting reward
64
strategies that facilitate the cool system selective internal/external distraction problem
may disinhibit if accidently think/look at the appetitive aspects of the reward internal distraction dependen t on hot not being activated - susceptible to self sabotage
65
strategies that facilitate the cool system selective internal distraction mischel 1972
think of fun things to do while wait ie singing 12+mins delay without physcial distractor
66
strategies that facilitate the cool system cognitive reframing of stimulus mischel and moore 1973
image increase delay by 9+mins than when real
67
strategies that facilitate the cool system cognitive reframing of stimulus moore, mischel and zeiss 1976
real/pic cog refram pic as real or real as pic frame = 18+ mins delay, even though is real - dependent on mental depiction
68
metacognitive awareness of control strategies
knowledge about nature and value of self control strategies emerges systematically become increasingly aware of the principles needed to maintain delay in pusuit of ones goal
69
mischel and mischel 1983 metacog awareness of sc strategies 1. covered or not?
3+8y/o "do you want the reward exposed or covered?" under 4 - no preference 4-5 - exposed (stubborn) 5+ - covered - explain as exposure increasing levels of frustration
70
mischel and mischel 1983 metacog awareness of sc strategies 2. hot or cool?
under 5 = no preference 5+ prefer cool>hot - realise that focus on desirabiit makes harder to control
71
construal level account of self control
fujita 2006
72
define construal level account of sc
integrate bau and mischel sc broadly conceptualised as making decisions and acting inaccordance with high>low level construals the same event/stimuli may be represented in multiple ways high and low independent of one another, and same event/object can elicit diff action tendencies
73
construal level | high level:
abstract essential and core features via subjective mental representation general features central to basic, overarching meaning categorisation into fewer, broader units
74
contrual level | low level:
incedental features which makes the event/stimulus unique and concrete categorisation into multiple, narrow units - add weight to secondary characteristics
75
determinants of construal level
amount of "psychological distoring" of event/stimuli ie in terms of: time space social distance hypertheticality/abstraction - greater distance = more high level construal + on the situation and individual diff (goals/values etc)
76
smith and branscombe 1987 | construal priming
imagining an unrelated and distant future event enhances ones abstraction of thoughts whilst imagining near-future events enhances more concrete and detailed processing
77
self control and construal
high construal = high control | vise versa
78
fujita et al 2006 study method
iv: 1. HC: WHY pursue actions towards superordinate goal 2. LC: HOW ^ (i.e. actions to physical health maintenance) DV: $ pay to recieve 4 items immediately or delayed in time
79
fujita et al 2006 study RESULTS
LV prefer immediate > dela + pay more high level = higher sc and less money + greater physical endurance on hand grip (domain general)
80
fishbach and shein 2014 | problem with self control literature
bias focus on conscious explicit processess does not take into account that some self control processes may be automatic
81
counteractive control theory authors
fishbach zhang and trope 2010
82
define counteractive control theory
threat perception illicits explicit AND implicit processes so as to offset the influence of temptation implicit dont require deliberation/will
83
counteractive control theory fishbach and shah 2006 METHOD
goal and temptation stimuli presented on screen (assignment and facebook) RT to push/pull on joy stick
84
counteractive control theory fishbach and shah 2006 RESULTS
individuals offset the influence of tempting activities by automatically avoiding these stimuli - faster pushing responses and by approaching stimuli related to an overarching goal -faster pulling responses self-control dispositions varied as a function of the magnitude of the self-control conflict, itself defined by how strongly individuals were attracted to temptations and held the longer term goal
85
counteractive control theory | fishbach et al 2003
if prime with temptation stimuli - auto activate goal stimuli (ie donut = slim) if prime with goal stimuli, auto inhibit info about temptation
86
counteractive control theory | how might implicit processes in sc work
may relfect memory traces from previous explicit self controls - previous goal elaboration and therefore increases goal accessability
87
counteractive control theory | fishbach et al 2010
actual temptation activates auto neg attitudes towards it and auto positive attitudes towards goal related info
88
manner et al counteractive control theory2009
when partner made salient - men auto attend away from images of other womrn
89
counteractive control theory forster liberman and higgins 2005 PROBLEM
asymmetric shifts only occur when in conflict and not once the conflict has been resolved ie once the goal is complete, then dont identify conflict and dont auto inhibit temptation
90
counteractive control theory fergson and bargh 2004 PROBLEM
only when high priority that auto? | ie eval of water is only more positive when thirsty
91
counteractive control theory fishbach zhang and trope 2010 forster et al reinforce prob
implicit eval of academic/leisure onl show asymmetric shift in relation to salient current academic goals and not those previously completed ie high school
92
counteractive control theory aronson 1997 small motivation discrepancy
post-choice dissonance reduction foregoing tempt percieved as a costly consequence of goal aherence generates cognitive dissonance (Aversive) justify action already taken by decreasing value of temptation and increasing value of goal POST action
93
importance of implicit self control strategies on dual systems
dual systems apporaches assume automatic reactions are towards temptation and need slower processes to coutneract BUT implicit can also facilitate goal adherence - depends on the direction of the attitude/motivation

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