Dement and Kleitman 9 (andro)

Question 1

technique used to measure brain activity

Answer 1

• EOG/EEEG

Question 2

why EOG/EEG used to measure brain activity

Answer 2

• to identify when person was in REM/nREM
• Analyse brain wave patterns of ppt
• measure is objective + reliable

Question 3

outline 1 dream reported when VERTICAL eye movement recorded

Answer 3

• climbing set of ladders looking up and down as they did
• throwing basketballs at hoop + then looking up at net/down to pick up another ball

Question 4

Describe procedures aft electrodes fitted

Answer 4

• ppt went to bed in quiet,dark room
• at various times during night, ppt woken up by doorbell
• ppt awoken in REM/nREM OR 5/15 mins aft REM began
• tested on dream recall + estimate length of time in REM
• if recalled dream asked to describe it into tape recorder

Question 5

one reason why procedure standerdised

Answer 5

• allow study to be more easily replicated
  + tested for reliability e.g 5/15 in REM before awoken means exact replication POSSIBLE
• increases internal validity of study SO cause + effect more likely to be seen e.g knowing it was if REM caused dreams to reported

Question 6

what does EEG measure

Answer 6

• brain waves
• brain activity
• voltage

Question 7

1 conclusion abt relationship between eye movements
+ dreaming

Answer 7

• eye movements correspond to dream content SO eye movements not random + related to dream imagery

Question 8

Quant result from dream duration estimates

Answer 8

• ppt more accurate at estimating 5 mins (88%) compared to 15 mins (78%)
• number of dreams recalled

Question 9

Qual result from dream content reports

Answer 9

• 1 ppt reported dream of climbing up ladder + looking up and down as he climbed
• number of words used to describe dreams

Question 10

DREAM RECALL in REM vs ESTIMATIONS of dream duration in REM

Answer 10

DREAM RECALL
- more dream recall in REM compared to NO recall in nREM
- 152 instances of dream recall in REM vs 11 in nREM across ppt

DREAM DURATION
- ppt more accurate at estimating 5 mins compared to 15 mins on

Question 11

conclusion abt eye movement during REM

Answer 11

• eye movements during REM tend to fit w/ what dreamer is looking at suggesting eye movements are NOT random at all

Question 12

describe revised procedure used to measure ppt estimates of REM duration

Answer 12

• ppt awoken at ethier 5/15 mins aft onset of REM
• asked to choose if they had been dreaming for 5/15 mins
• checked estimate against real time

Question 13

name 2 things ppt asked to do OR NOT TO DO prior to study/situational v’s?

Answer 13

• arrive a little before normal bedtime
• avoid alcohol
• avoid caffeinated drinks

Question 14

suggest real life application of study

Answer 14

• EEG can detect REM/nREM sleep so could be useful for ppl w/ sleep disorders
• psychologist can use EEG output to see how their sleep patterns are different to normal sleeper

Question 15

describe procedure when ppt arrived in lab + fell asleep

Answer 15

• told to avoid alcohol/caffeine on
• each ppt had 2+ electrodes placed near their eyes
• 2/3 electrodes placed on scalp
• ppt went to bed in dark quiet room

Question 16

outline how dream was recorded in study + How did Dement & Kleitman control for experimenter effects?

Answer 16

• ppt woken up to record dreams
• ppt spoke into recording device near bed
• asked to state if dreaming OR not
• when finished experimenter sometimes entered room to question them more BUT no contact between experimenter + participants during dream recall

Question 17

outline aim

Answer 17

• to investigate if dream recall/duration differs between REM + nREM stages of sleep

-

Question 18

describe psych being investigated

Answer 18

• REM sleep is phase of sleep where person is PARALYZED + eyes move
• nREM sleep are all other stages of sleep + differ in brain activity
• dreaming is subjective experience of imagery while asleep
• EEGs measure brain wave activity + used to measure amplitude/frequency of brain waves

Question 19

CONCLUSIONS

Answer 19

• People can judge duration of their time in REM w/ accuracy
• eye movements during sleep correspond with content of dream

Question 20

describe dream duration estimates for ppt DN whose reponses DID NOT follow same patterns

Answer 20

• Got estimation of 15 mins correct 50% of time
• He got estimation of 5 mins correct 80% of time

Question 21

Strength of study

Answer 21

-quant data collected like brain waves, eye movement patterns, rem durations trough EEG

• standardized procedure to aid replicability/reliability
  e.g ppt not allowed to drink alc/consume caffeine before study

Question 22

features of sample

Answer 22

• 9 ppt
• mostly males
• 5 studied intensivley
• 4 used to confirm results of main ppts

Question 23

How did Dement & Kleitman check the reliability and validity of their results regarding eye movement patterns related to looking at into the distance or at near objects in a dream?

Answer 23

Researchers checked eye movements of a different set of PP when awake to see eye movements when looking into the distance and at near object

Question 24

what eye movement patterns did Dement & Kleitman record?

Answer 24

Vertical, horizontal, vertical and Horizontal, little or no eye movement

Question 25

Explain one methodological weakness of this study.

Answer 25

The study lacks mundane realism as ppt were woken up by doorbell + asked to recall any dream

Question 26

Outline one of the dreams reported where a participant was driving a car.

Answer 26

Driving a car and staring at the road ahead. At an intersection, a car appeared speeding at them.

Question 27

T or F Eye movements are more frequent in dreams abt distant objects

Answer 27

FALSE

Question 28

Describe 1 result abt dream recall from REM awakenings in 1st vs 2nd half of night

Answer 28

- More dream recalled in 2nd half compared to 1st half for entire sample

Question 29

horizontal dream reported

Answer 29

Watching two people throwing tomatoes at each other

Question 30

Describe one result about no dream recall from REM awakenings in the first half of the night compared to the second half of the night.

Answer 30

- more NO dream recalls in the 1st half compared to the 2nd half for the entire sample