Dement & Kleitman

Question 1

What are the 2 types of sleep

Answer 1

REM AND NREM

Question 2

What are REM

Answer 2

Rapid eye movement under the eye lids

Question 3

What does rem resembles

Answer 3

Resembles wakefulness in the eyes, Move

Question 4

What’s ultradian rhythms

Answer 4

Basic rest activity cycles that occur almost every 90 minutes and are responsible for the different stage of sleep experience

Question 5

What’s EEG

Answer 5

Monitors the electrical activity of the brain

Question 6

What’s EOG

Answer 6

an electrical recording of eye movement patterns, the presence or absence and their size and direction

Question 7

During REM sleep how is EEG

Answer 7

low voltage and amplitude high frequency

Question 8

During nREM sleep how is EEG

Answer 8

High voltage and amplitude low-frequency

Question 9

What’s the research method? 

Answer 9

Laboratory experiment 

Question 10

What’s the experimental design?

Answer 10

Repeated measures design

Question 11

whats the sample

Answer 11

7 adults male and 2 adult female

Question 12

whats the sampling technique

Answer 12

opportunity sampling

Question 13

how many nights were they studied for

Answer 13

they were studied for 6-17 nights with 50-77 awakening. the four others spent only one or 2 nights with 4-10 awakenings

Question 14

what were the participants instructed to do

Answer 14

they were told to eat normally but to abstain from alcohol and caffine

Question 15

where was the wires located on the participants

Answer 15

they were fitted with electrodes on their scalps and around their eyes

Question 16

how were the participants woken up

Answer 16

by a loud door bell

Question 17

what happened when the participants were woken up during the night

Answer 17

they had to state wether they were dreaming or not
and if they had been drams they would have to desrcibe their dream in a voice recorded

Question 18

what was the general results

Answer 18

dream stages ranged from 3-50 min with average of 20 min
the dream stages where longer at the night
the dream stages had irregular burst of 2-100 rapid eye movements

Question 19

does dream recall differ in REM and nREM stages of sleep?

Answer 19

yes dream recall differs. in 79.6% of rem awakening 152/191 participants could recall a dream where as only 6.9 of nREM awakening 11/160 participants could recall their dreams.

Question 20

is there a positive correlation between subjective dream duration estimate and the length of the rem period before waking up

Answer 20

they had 88% accuracy in estimating they were woken up after 5 min of dreaming
78% accuracy in estimating they were woken up after 15 min of dreaming

Question 21

are eye movement patterns related to dream content?

Answer 21

eye movement as recorded on EEG were related to dreams visual content

Question 22

give examples of the dreams with their eye movement pattern

Answer 22

vertical was climbing up a ladder and looking down
horizontal watching 2 people throwing tomatoes at each other
10 dreams were reported to have little to no eye movement was watching people in the distance
21 dreams had mixed movements talking to a group was an example

Question 23

what are the conclusions

Answer 23

dream are experienced in REM but not nREM sleep
dreams are more likely at nights end as the REM is stage is longer

Question 24

Sample of dement and Kleitman

Answer 24

7 male and 2 female

Question 25

whats are the strengths of this study

Answer 25

high internal validity and high reliability

Question 26

what are the weakness's of this study

Answer 26

low generalizability and low ecological validity

Question 27

what are the issues and debates

Answer 27

application:EEG which is used to detect dreams has useful application for assessing people with sleep and dream disorders

Question 28

whats are the nurture and nature

Answer 28

mainly focuses on nature making obtaining evidence through EEG possible

Question 29

what is the aim for this study

Answer 29

1- To investigate the relationship between eye movements and dreaming. 1. Does dream recall differ between REM and NREM stages of sleep? 2. Is there a positive correlation between estimated dream duration and REM period length? 3. Are eye movements related to the dream content?

Question 30

hypothesis

Answer 30

1. There will be a significant association between REM sleep and dreaming. 2. There will be a positive correlation between estimated dream duration and REM period length. 3. There will be a significant association between eye movement patterns and dream content.

Question 31

whats the research method

Answer 31

labotary esperiment

Question 32

wat are the 3 different method to test for each aim

Answer 32

Approach 1: natural experiment; repeated measures design. Approach 2: True experiment using correlational study; repeated measures design. Approach 3: natural experiment; repeated measures design.

Question 33

procedure

Answer 33

1- Participants reported to the lab before their personal bedtime. They ate their normal diet but 2- were asked to avoid caffeine (alertness) and alcohol (drowsiness) on the day of the study. 3- They slept in a dark, quiet room. All participants were woken up when an eye movement pattern lasted for at least a minute. Everyone returned to sleep in less than 5 minutes. Procedure 1 - They were woken up at various times to test their dream recall (during REM and NREM). The dream narrative was recorded on a tape recorder. They were asked if they had a dream or not and if they did, then they recorded it. Procedure 2 - Participants were woken up after either 5 or 15 minutes into their REM sleep. Participants guessed the duration they had dreamt for. The number of words in the dream narrative was counted after the participants reported their dream. Procedure 3 – Participants’ eye movement direction was detected with the EOG. Participants were woken up and they reported their dream.

Question 34

result

Answer 34

 All subjects showed REM every night. Avg. REM length: 20 minutes. Range: 3-50 minutes.  The average time gap between different dreams: 92 minutes. Range: 70 – 104 minutes.  Those woken in NREM returned to NREM. Those woken in REM went usually to NREM (but sometimes to REM to complete the last stage of their dream).

Question 35

result 1

Answer 35

Percentage of dream recall after REM stage: 79.6%. Percentage of dream recall after NREM stage: 7%.  Waking participants under 8 minutes of completing their REM period resulted in 5/17 dreams being recalled. Waking participants after 8 minutes resulted in 6/132 dreams being recalled.

Question 36

result 2

Answer 36

 Accurate estimation of REM duration: 88% for 5 mins; 78% for 15 minutes.  A positive correlation between REM duration and the words in the recall was found. 152 dreams narratives were collected, but 26 were omitted, thus, there 126 were left.

Question 37

result 3

Answer 37

 Vertical eye movement - standing at the bottom of a tall cliff and operating a hoist.  Horizontal - 2 people throwing tomatoes at each other.  Vertical and horizontal - talking to people standing close to them.  Little or no movement - watching something in the distance or staring at an object.

Question 38

conclusion

Answer 38

1. Dreams occur during REM sleep only. Those reported from NREM are from previous REM episodes. 2. Estimated dream duration and REM period lengths are very similar, thus, dreams aren’t instantaneous events but are rather experienced in real-time. 3. Eye movements correspond to where, and what the dreamer is looking at in the dream so, they are not random events.

Question 39

strength and weaknesses

Answer 39

 Reliability is high as it was a lab experiment.  Demand characteristics were avoided as participants were not told if they were in REM or not.  High validity because details focused on dreaming; dream definition was operationalised; and participants were asked to choose between 5 or 15 minutes.  Quantitative data collected with an EEG and EOG: brain waves, eye movement patterns, and REM sleep duration.  Qualitative data collected - the dream content.  Both genders were included thus, generalisable. But the sample size is too small, hence limiting generalisability.  Deception of participant WD can cause distress as they'd try recalling dreams harder.  Lacks ecological validity as people who usually take alcohol & caffeine may experience atypical dreams. Further, sleeping in a lab connected to electrodes would be unusual.