DEMENTIA

Question 1

a syndrome resulting from acquired brain disease
characterized by a progressive decline in memory and
other cognitive domains

Answer 1

Dementia

Question 2

What is Dementia?

Answer 2

due to disease of the brain, usually of a chronic or progressive nature, in which there is disturbance of multiple higher cortical functions (memory, thinking, orientation, comprehension,
calculation, learning capacity, language, and judgment)

Question 3

T or F:

Dementia produces an appreciable decline in intellectual functioning, and usually some interference with personal activities of daily living

Answer 3

True

Question 4

How can you differentiate dementia from other cog d/o?

Answer 4

You could differentiate dementia from other cognitive disorders because of its chronic and progressive nature

Question 5

DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA FOR DEMENTIA

Answer 5

● Insidious onset
● Not caused by delirium, schizophrenia, or major depression
● Acquired
● Persistent
● Affects several areas of mental function
● Severe enough to interfere with work, social activities, and relationships with others

Question 6

T or F:

7th leading cause of death and one of the major
causes of disability and dependency among older people

Answer 6

True

Question 7

Dementia prevalence in the PH

Answer 7

Dementia prevalence- 10.6%
○ AD: 85.5%
○ VaD: 11.7%

Question 8

These are usually associated with vascular dementia but not with alzheimer’s disease

Answer 8

○ Hypertension
○ Diabetes
○ Dyslipidemia
○ Smoking

Question 9

What is DALY?

Answer 9

time based measure combines years of life/loss due to
premature mortality, and years of life/loss due to time lived in states of full care health or years of healthy life/loss due to disability

Question 10

represents the loss of the equivalent of 1 year of full health

Answer 10

1 DALY

Question 10

risk factors for dementia

Answer 10

● Age (more common in those 65 or older)
● High blood pressure (hypertension)
● High blood sugar (diabetes)
● Being overweight or obese
● Smoking
● Drinking too much alcohol
● Being physically inactive
● Being socially isolated
● Depression

Question 10

T or F

High blood pressure, diabetes, being overweight, smoking these are the ones that are not risk factors for vascular dementia but not for Alzheimer’s dementia.

Answer 10

False

High blood pressure, diabetes, being overweight, smoking these are the ones that ARE risk factors for vascular dementia but not for Alzheimer’s dementia.

Question 11

Signs and Symptoms of Dementia

Answer 11

• memory failure
• disorientation
• lapses in judgement
• difficulty performing ADLs
• difficulty performing mentally challenging tasks
• misplacing things
• apathy and loss of initiative
• changes in mood

Question 11

conditions that causes dementia

Answer 11

○ Alzheimer’s Disease
○ Vascular Pathology (e.g. multi-infarct dementia)
○ Lewy body dementia
○ Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration
○ Parkinson’s Disease
○ Huntington’s Disease

Question 12

Other causes of dementia that are least common:

Answer 12

● Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome secondary to Chronic
Alcohol Abuse
● Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)
● Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy due to repeated trauma
● Multiple Sclerosis
● Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)

Question 12

T or F

Alzheimer’s Disease is the most prevalent, followed by
Vascular Dementia and Mixed Dementia

Answer 12

True

Question 13

SD: Bilateral parietal and temporal lobes
(including hippocampus)

DP: Accumulation of neuritic plaques and neurofibrillary tangles

Answer 13

Alzheimer’s Disease

Question 14

SD: Frontal lobe degeneration and more temporal lobe atrophy than in Alzheimer’s disease

DP: Absence of plaquies; presence of tau protein (“Pick’s bodies”)

Answer 14

Pick’s Disease

Question 15

SD: Frontal and temporal lobes; basal ganglia

DP: Protein deposits (i.e., Lewy bodies”)

Answer 15

Lewy Body Disease

Question 16

SD: Bilateral cortical and/or subcortical atrophy

DP: Repeated blows to head; Neurofibrillary tangles and other microscopic material

Answer 16

Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE)

Question 17

SD: Subcortical dementia; caudate nucleus of the basal ganglia

DP: Cell loss reducing the production of the neurotransmitter dopamine

Answer 17

Parkinson’s disease

Question 18

SD: Subcortical dementia; caudate nucleus of the basal ganglia

DP: Inherited atrophy of the caudate

Answer 18

Huntington’s disease

Question 19

SD: Any location

DP: Arteriosclerotic reductions of blood supply

Answer 19

Vascular Dementia

Question 20

SD: Medial temporal areas extending into orbitofrontal regions; usually bilateral

DP: Infection causing acute necrosis, edema, and hemorrhage

Answer 20

Herpes simplex viral encephalitis (HSVE)

Question 21

● Impairments of cortical functions appear early in cortical dementia but not until the late stages of most subcortical degenerative diseases. ● Motor impairments are prominent in the early stages.

Answer 21

Subcortical Dementia

Question 22

A degenerative disease affecting nuclei in the midbrain and brain stem

Answer 22

PD

Question 23

● Is an inherited, degenerative neurologic disease ● Diagnostic markers: ○ chorea ○ cognitive decline ○ neurobehavioral symptoms

Answer 23

Huntington's Disease

Question 24

a symptom that causes involuntary, irregular, or unpredictable muscle movements so it affects the person’s arms, legs, and facial muscles.

Answer 24

chorea

Question 25

characterized by loss of neurons in the caudate nucleus and the putamen and patchy loss of cortical neurons in the frontal and temporal lobes, with occasional extension of neuron loss to the cerebellum

Answer 25

Huntington's Disease

Question 26

● A rare disease ● Begins between the ages of 50 and 80 ● Peak incidence in the early 60

Answer 26

Progressive Supranuclear Palsy (PSP)

Question 27

Possible CAUSES of PSP:

Answer 27

○ Unknown; ○ Viruses or slowly acting toxins; ○ Genetic

Question 28

Neuropathology of PSP

Answer 28

Caused by neuronal loss, neuronal abnormalities, and proliferation of glial cells throughout the brain stem and basal ganglia. Cortical neurons are largely spared.

Question 29

Early Symptoms of PSP

Answer 29

○ Paralysis of muscles responsible for downward gaze ○ Rigidity of neck muscles ○ Facial muscle weakness ○ Dysarthria