demographic change stats and sociologists Flashcards

Question

ONS infant mortality 1994-2014

Answer 1

Fallen from 9.4 to 3.9 per 1,000 live births in England and Wales.

Answer 2

Reduced pollution such as smog of 1952 that led to 4,000 deaths in 5 days.

Answer 3

Suggests the UK may be moving to an American health culture where lifestyles are unhealthy but where a long lifespan is achieved through costly medication.

Answer 4

The old are of no use to capitalism as they aren't productive.

Answer 5

Although there are now more people over 65 than under 15 in the UK older people are effectively living 'younger' healthier and fitter than previous generations.

Answer 6

Developed the concept of the 'third age' to describe how the increase in life expectancy, growing economic security and relatively young age of retired people who can find fulfilment in a prolonged 'third age'.

Answer 7

Freedom from demands of the labour market, longer lives, more free time and better health lets the elderly enjoy the 'third age' where they can develop new lifestyles, seize new opportunities and forge new identities, independently of the traditional structures of the workplace.

Answer 8

A new way of looking at old age in which activity plays a crucial role.

Answer 9

2017 16% of pensioners lived below government poverty line.

Answer 10

Rise in 4 generational families with fewer aunts and uncles and cousins due to families having fewer children in the past 20 years. Family members are now more likely to experience vertical integrational ties. The 'pivot generation' sandwiched between older and younger members is increasingly meeting the demands of elderly parents and grandchildren.

Answer 11

Aging population brings the mergence of new markets.

Answer 12

Found nearly 4.9 million people 65 and over in England took part volunteering or in civic engagement activities.

Answer 13

Found grandparents helped parents for an average 8 hours week which if paid would cost a weekly average of £73.

Answer 14

Saw society facing the problem of meeting the escalating costs of health and social care for growing numbers of old people.

Answer 15

Recognises that there needs to be a cultural change in our attitudes towards old age as a social construct.

Answer 16

1962 = 50,000 2014 = 2 million

Answer 17

Suggests that the average size of a British family is declining due to costs.

Answer 18

Estimated each child costs a couple nearly £154,000 to the age of 18.

Answer 19

1. Contraception 2. Compulsory education 3. Rising costs of having children 4. Changing position of women 5. Declining infant mortality rate 6. Geographically mobile workforce 7. Changing values

Answer 20

- Wilkinson - genderquake describes the radical changes in attitudes towards family. - Harper - education of women is the most important reason for the long term fall in birth and fertility rate. - Sharpe - priorities of girls have changed - 1976 = love, marriage, husbands, children, job careers - 1994 = job career and being able to support themselves. - McRobbie - aspiration of motherhood and marriage has been replaced with a desire for a degree rewarding career. - Many women now working means they will limit the number of children until careers are established. - Last 30 years there has been a decrease in fertility rate for women under 30 and an increase in women 35-39 and 40+ and why the average number of live births 40+ has more than quadrupled. - 20% of women born in 1967 were childless age 45 compared to 11% of those born in 1940.

Answer 21

- Abscence of welfare state until 1940s means parents relied on their children to care for them in old age. - Harper - parents often had many children to safeguard against some of them dying. - Infant mortality and death ratews declined leading to fewer people dying before adulthood and old age - parents no longer need to have as many children to provide security for them.

Answer 22

- Encouragment of smaller nuclear families as they can easily pack up and move often away from supported kin.

Answer 23

- Parenthood involves more pressure on couples, lifelong commitment, loss of freedom and independence and sacrifices such as cuts in money. - Beck and Beck-Gernshein - growing individualisation means more choice for women. - Postmodernism - couples are reluctant to have children.

Answer 24

- That 1/5 women aged 40 had no children compared to 1/10 in 1980. - ONS notes more British women are childless than in other European countries.

Answer 25

- A new lifestyle choice brought on by the increased popularity of contraception.

Answer 26

As conflicting with their career/ leisure interests - often rejected the notion of maternal instinct.

Answer 27

Increased freedom, better relationships with partners and more disposable income.

Answer 28

- Smaller family - women more likely to take paid work = dual earner family - 60% couples with children are dual earners. - Fall in children 2013 47% nuclear families had 1 child - fall in dependency ratio. However long term fewer babies = fewer adults and so burden of dependency may increase again. - Vanishing children - lonelier childhoods, fewer siblings. - Lost voice of the child as there are more childless adults. - Fewer children could mean they are more valued. - Fewer public services - schools, children's health, maternity/ paternity pay. - Types of housing being built. - Rise in average age of population.

Answer 29

- Compared with earlier generations of females they are less likely to want to get married or want children. - Campbell - sees the importance of globalisation when studying the experience of women - argues patriarchal oppression is unlikely to be the same experience across different societies. E.g. In Pakistan, Malala Yousafzai was shot by the Taliban in 2012 for campaigning in favour of girls education.

Answer 30

- The cult of the individual in which people put their own needs before those that are expected of them by society. - Argues that this philosophy may be responsible for the large increase in single-person households.

Answer 31

Protect marriage and nuclear family life encouraging girls to abandon aspirations to marry and to have children and to forego their natural roles as caregivers and nurtures.

Answer 32

- Global divorce rate increased by more than 250% since 1960. - United Nations estimate the Maldives having the highest divorce rate in the world - 11 divorces for every 1000 people - average Maldivian women by 30 has been divorced 3 times. - Lowest divorce rates found in less industrialised societies where religions such as Islam and Hinduism still exert powerful influence and marriages are generally arranged by parents/ matchmakers. - Only 15% of marriages break in Kenya, 17% in Egypt and 1% in India.

Answer 33

- Korean and Chinese culture is influenced by Confucian principle of ‘ filal piety’ which means you must respect your parents. - Younger members of the family are brought up to have a duty of care for ageing members of families. - Even outside the family unit young Chinese and Koreans are socialised to respect and show deference to elders as well as authority figures. - E.g. It is customary in Korea to have a big celebration to mark a 60th and 70th birthday. - Jessel et al - research into migrant families of Bangladeshi living in the UK and found examples of synergistic learning interactions between grandparents and grandchildren - grandmother would help grandchildren learn about Bengali language and heritage whilst grandchildren would help grandmothers learn to use computers.

Answer 34

- IUK - 1960 only 2% of all UK households were made of single-parent families but by 2012 it was estimated that there 2 million of such families with dependent children which made up about 1/4 of all families in the UK. - Similar trends can be found elsewhere - US Census Board there were 12 million single parent families in the USA in 2017. - According to United Nations data on families and households 2017 the lowest numbers of single-parent families headed by females are found in less industrialised societies located in Africa and Asia.

Answer 35

- USA : - over 50% of families are remarried/ recoupled - 80% of remarried people bring children into relationships. - Reconstituted families are rare in less industrialised societies because of cultural disapproval of divorce - if they do exist its because a widow has come under family/ community pressure to remarry because such cultures believe men should be responsible for the welfare of women and children. - 2013 - 7.7 million people of the UK population lived alone - nearly 4x higher than 40 years ago. - Reflects a trend across Europe where the average proportion of single households is 14% of all households. - China National Radio estimated that in 2013 there were 58 million single-person households in China accounting for 14% of all Chinese households.

Answer 36

- Rhona and Rapoport - observed whether family structure is underpinned by marriage or cohabitation - nuclear family structure is still the most common in more industrialised society’s. - Also point out the vertical extended family (3 generations living under the same roof/ in close proximity) is the norm in most less industrialised societies especially those found in Africa and Asia. - Evidence that extended kin physically come together for special occasions and that they feel a strong sense of duty or obligation to help and support each other in times of family crisis e.g. when children are born or when elderly relatives suffer debilitating illnesses such as dementia.

Answer 37

- Global migration has led to multiculturalism becoming a major feature of many more industrialised societies - this has had a significant effect on family structures and relationships e.g. migrants bringing their own cultural and religious beliefs and values about how they should organise family life to their host countries - can come times cause cultural conflict. - Evidence to suggest an important aspect of assimilation is inter-marriage between indigenous ethnic groups and migrant groups. - Many European societies have dual-heritage children - offspring of inter-ethnic marriages are the fastest growing group of children in those societies. - Some sociologists suggest young people from mixed-race backgrounds face their own unique problems in the form of prejudice and discrimination from communities which parents originate.

Answer 38

- 3/4 of all global violence is domestic according to WHO. - On average 200 children are made red a year by family members in the UK. - WHO reports that nearly 6,000 children are murdered each year worldwide. - Honour-related murders involve girls/ women being killed by male/ female family members for an actual/ assumed sexual or behavioural transgression including adultery, sexual intercourse or pregnant y outside marriage or even for being raped. - Often perpetrators see femicide as a way to protect family reputation to follow tradition/ adhere to wrongly interpreted religious demands. - WHO estimates 5,000 murders in the name of ‘honour’ each year worldwide. - Killings occur mainly in the Middle East and South Asia but also among some migrant communities in countries including Australia, Europe and North America. - 2013 UNICEF 2013 - FGM practices legally in 29 countries in Africa and the Middle East. - Many western societies have taken legal steps to criminalise FGM to deter migrant communities from the practice.

Answer 39

- Children in developing countries constantly at risk of early death because of poverty/ lack of basic health care. - UNICEF notes that measles kill over 500,000 children a year in Africa and malaria kills over 1 million children a year most under 5. - War also shapes childhood because it kills disproportionate numbers of children but they also increase the likelihood of children becoming orphans, refugees, hostages, slaves and soldiers. - UNICEF 1995 reported that in the previous decade 2 million children had been killed in wars thus exceeded the number of soldiers killed in the same period. - There are estimated 11 million street children in India and 400,000 street children in Bangladesh - nearly 10% have been forced into prostitution to survive.

Answer 40

- 24.8 million households in England and Wales which is up 6.1% from 23.4 million in 2011.

Answer 41

2.4 people per household the same as 2011.

Answer 42

- Single family - 63% - One person households - 30.2% - Multiple family or other - 6.8%

Answer 43

- Decreased from 46.8% to 44.6% in 2021.

Answer 44

Increased from 34.6% to 37.9% in 2021.

demographic change stats and sociologists Flashcards

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