Demographic Changes Flashcards
What is BIRTHRATE ?
Number of live births per 1000 of the population per year.
Why has birth rate FALLEN since 1960?
- Children are an economic liability
- Cohabitation increased meaning couples live together but not married so fewer children
- CPOW
- Contraception/ abortion made available
- ‘Childfree’ women have no pressure to have children
- Safety net- worrying your child won’t survive before first birthday so you dont have children.
What did the study of HARPER say about democracy?
CPOW is the main reason for the long term downfall of birth rates. It changes mindset of women resulting in fewer children. Women are more educated.
What is secularisation?
Decline in religion.
How do POSTMODERNISTS link SECULARISATION to BIRTHRATE? What is an AO3 for this?
As there is a decline in religion many people dont have a faith to believe in anything specific so postmodernists believe we have individualism meaning more choice for non religious people
A03: this doesn’t impact everyone there are many religious families with high birth rates.
What does the study of BECK & BECK state about birth rates?
People focus more on careers, self development and lifestyle choices rather then children as they are seen as a choice
What does the study of MORGAN say about birth rates?
Government policies eg. Easier divorce, children costs, may discourage individuals into having children
What did the study of Lauton state about birth rates?
Women often choose a child-free lifestyle for reasons like travelling, financially, freedom, career focous
What is fertility rate?
Avarage number of children a woman is expected to have during their lifetime
Number of live births per 1000
Reasons why fertility rate has increased:
- Health care has improved
- Healthier food
- Improved housing and hygiene
- More knowledge about drinking and smoking, so avoid it whilst pregnant
- GENDERQUAKE: CPOW
What are the trends and effects of changes to the birth rates & fertility rate?
- Smaller families mean women more likely to work (dual burden)
- New right: concerned with the number of birth rates of immigrants and births outside of marriage
- Feminists: decline in birth rates shows women are taking control of their fertility. Women with high education and financial independence are choosing not to have children.
What is dependency ratio?
Way to compare number of people who dont work to the number of people who do work
What did the study of Dennis & Erdos state about fertility rate?
Many children are likely to be raised by poverty and be attracted to criminality, experience poor levels of adulthood and have lower expectations.
Why is dependency ratio important?
A high dependency ratio means fewer workers are supporting more dependants, this puts pressure o
