Demographics Flashcards
(21 cards)
How has the birth rate changed since the early 20th century?
Provide a stat
It has fallen
1901 - 1 million births
2014 - 700,000 births
How has the total fertility rate changed?
1971 - 2.0 children
2011 - 1.7 children
2023 - 1.43 children
How has the age of when women have children changed?
1971 - 24 years old
2013 - 28 years old
How has the % of childless women changed
Women born in 1945 - 9% were childless at age 45
Women born in 1966 - 20% of women at age 45
Why have birth rates changed? (4x)
1) contraception is more widely available
2) women’s roles are changing
4) emphasis on the individual
3) children are more expensive and time consuming
How had infant mortality changed?
Provide a stat
Decreased drastically
1901 - 13.6% of girls died, 16.6% of boys died
Now - less than 0.5%
How has adult death changed?
Roughly stayed the same, but the increased population means the proportion of deaths has fallen
Why are people dying less?
1) medical advancements
2) improved public health
3) better nutrition
How has medical advancements reduced death?
Vaccines, blood transfusions, antibiotics and better care of pregnant women meant more ailments could be treated and more women survived childbirth
NHS founded in 1948 made healthcare accessible and free
How has the government reduced deaths?
Regulating food and drinking water quality
Enforced laws to improve public health
Improved public awareness on disease/illnesses (Change4Life, anti smoking campaigns)
What does Mckeown (1972) argue?
Better nutrition meant peoples bodies were stronger and able to fight off diseases
How has life expectancy changed?
Provide a stat
Increased
1 in 3 babies born in 2013 will live to be 100
What is an impact of higher life expectancy?
An ageing population
What are the impacts of an ageing population?
Changes the burden of care in society
- increases the dependency ratio
-less people working (or people working for longer)
-more focus on elderly peoples lives (activities and healthcare)
What does Hirsch argue?
People will have to work longer or pay more taxes to contribute towards the rising cost of care later in life
The elderly and young have to fight for houses, increasing prices
Older people often have their own homes, but young people have fewer assets
What did the Griffith Report investigate/find?
The long term care of the elderly, mentally ill, and disabled in society
1) care used to be carried out by NHS, now shifted to local councils
2) delivering more minor health and social care improved the independence and confidence of elderly peoples, but this has decreased since the 2008 financial crisis
What does Townsend (1979) believe about poverty and the elderly?
There has been the growth of an underclass of older people, because they could not rely on income from employment
What does Pilcher(1995) believe about gender, age, and poverty?
Women often have smaller pensions because they may take time away from work to take care of children
How has the foreign born population changed?
Why?
Doubled since 1991 and 2011
Post-WW2 the gov encouraged polish soldiers to move to the UK due to a labour shortage
When did those seeking asylum in the UK peak?
2002 - just over 84,000
How has increasing net migration impacted the structure of society and families?
1) outweighs low fertility rates
2) lowers average age in a country, decreases the dependency ratio
3) multi family households
