demography Flashcards
(48 cards)
Definition of fertility rate
The number of live births per 1000 women during her fertility years
What does decreased fertility rate show
more women remaining childless and postponing having children (so there’s fewer fertile years remaining)
What is the average age for having children now
30
4 factors for why there is a decreased birth rate
- changes in position of women
- decline in infant mortality
- children = economic liability
- child centred
explain changes in position of women as a factor for the decreased birth rate
girls better in education, paid employment, contraception, changing attitudes to a woman’s role
Sarah Harper - education of women most important factor - change in mindset, other possibilities apart from mother
What did Sarah Harper say on the decreased birth rate
- education of women most important factor - change in mindset, more likely to use family planning/ see other possibilities than mother like pursue a career
- once pattern of low fertility rates last a gen cultural norms about family size change and large families are seen as deviant
one in 5 women aged __ were childless in 2012 which is double the number 25 years earlier.
45
what is the dependancy ratio
Relationship shown between the economically active and the non-economically active (working and dependant)
what is the impact of low birthrate on public services
- fewer schools and maternity services
- diff types of housing
-fewer adults speaking up in support of child interests
vanishing child
falling fertility rates mean fewer children - lonelier experience (only child), less people speaking up for children causes
life expectancy
age an average person can expect to live
Tranter on reasons for the decline in death rate
over 3/4 of decline from 1800s to 70’s due to less deaths from infectious diseases eg. smallpox
most decline from child/young adult deaths now cancer and heart diseases replace those infection so older ppl causing it to rise
4 factors for the decline in death rate
- improved nutrition
- medical improvements
- smoking and diet
- public health measures
what did the gov ban to help reduce smoking
menthol filters
examples of public health measures to reduce death rate (2)
- clean air acts - big push for electric cars
- improvement in housing
Other social changes that have declined death rate
(employment and family)
- decline in dangerous manual jobs such as mining
- smaller families reduce transmissions of infection
Child centredness
Childhood socially constructed as a uniquely important period of life.
Families are focused on giving attention and resources to their children. Quality over quantity
2 factors for reason for fall in infant mortality
Improved housing
sanitation,
healthcare,
nutrition,
medical factors
e.g antibiotics , mass immunisation, improved midwifery
Why is there an ageing population? (3)
- increased life expectancy
- low infant mortality
- declining fertility
Effects of ageing population (5)
-Public services consumed
- More one-person pensioner households
-Rising dependency ratio
- ageism
-old people viewed as an issue - not always case
what is the average age nearly at
40
what does Hirsch suggest we need to deal with an ageing population
need new policies
for example paying more taxes or raising retirement age.
housing policy may have to change to encourage older people to ‘trade down’ into smaller housing
what do postmodernists argue about todays society and old age
fixed stages in life broken down
trends such as children dressing in adult styles and early retirement
unlike modern society consumption not production becomes key to identity
imigration vs emigration
I- movement Into a society
E- movement out
