demography Flashcards
(250 cards)
1
Q
define demography
A
the study of populations and their characteristics
2
Q
define immigration
A
how many people enter the country from elsewhere
3
Q
define emigration
A
how many people leave the country to live elsewhere
4
Q
until the 1980s, uk population growth was largely the product of what?
A
natural change
5
Q
since the 1980s where has most of the UKs population growth come from?
A
net migration
6
Q
what factors cause a population increase?
A
increase births
increase immigration
7
Q
what factors cause population decrease?
A
increase death rate
increase emigration
8
Q
define birth rate
A
the number of live births per thousand of the population per year
9
Q
what has the long term trend of births been since the 1900s?
A
decline
10
Q
how many baby booms were there in the 20th century? and when were they?
A
3 baby booms
the first two came after the world wars
the third was in the 1960s
11
Q
what factors determine the birth rate?
A
- the proportion of women who are of childbearing age
- how fertile they are (how many kids they have)
12
Q
what is the total fertility rate (TFR)?
A
the average number of children women will have during their fertile years
13
Q
describe the UKs TFR trend
A
all time low of 1.63 children per woman in 2001
rose to 1.83 by 2014
still lower than the peak of 2.95 children in 1964 (baby boom period)
14
Q
what do the changes in fertility and birth rates reflect?
A
- more women are remaining childless than in the past
- women are postponing having children
15
Q
what factors explain the long term decline in birth rate since 1900?
A
- changes in women’s position
- decline in infant mortality rate
- children are now an economic liability
- child centredness
16
Q
Describe what major changes were made in the position of women during the 20th Century
A
- Legal Equality with men
- increased educational opportunities with men
- More women in paid employment
- Easier access to divorce
- Access to contraseption and abortion
17
Q
reason for decline in birth rate - change in womens position
Which sociologist claimed the education of women is the most important reason for the long term fall in birth and fertility rates?
A
Sarah Harper (2012)
18
Q
reason for decline in birth rate - change in womens position
What did Sarah Harper (2012) claim?
A
the education of women is the most important reason for the long term fall in birth and fertility rates
19
Q
reason for decline in birth rate - change in womens position
Why did Sarah Harper claim that the education of women is the most important reason for the long term fall in birth and fertility rates?
A
It has led to a change in mindset among women
20
Q
reason for decline in birth rate - change in womens position
According to Sarah Harper - Explain how the education of women and therefore a changed mindset impacts BR and fertility rates
A
- More educated women do more family planning
- See other possibilities other than trad family wife
- Delaying or opting out of child bearing to pursue a career
21
Q
reason for decline in birth rate - change in womens position
Provide evidence for Sarah Harpers claim
A
in 2019 almost one in five women aged 45 was childless
22
Q
reason for decline in birth rate - change in womens position
Complete the sentence:
Harper also notes that once a pattern of low fertility lasts for more than one generation…
A
- Cultural norms about family size change
- Smaller families become more acceptable
23
Q
reason for decline in birth rate - decline in infant mortality rate
What is the Infant Mortaity Rate (IMR)?
A
- measures the number of infants who die before their first birthday,
- per thousand babies born allive per year
24
Q
reason for decline in birth rate - decline in infant mortality rate
What does Harper argue that a fall in the IMR leads to?
A
a fall in the birth rate
25
# reason for decline in birth rate - decline in infant mortality rate
Why does Harper argue that a fall in the IMR leads to a fall in the birth rate?
because if many infants die, parents have more children to replace those they have lost
26
# reason for decline in birth rate - decline in infant mortality rate
Complete the stats about IMR:
a) in the 1900s the IMR for the uk was ____
b) in other words, ____% of babies died within their first year
a) 54
b) 15%
27
# reason for decline in birth rate - decline in infant mortality rate
In 2021, which country had the highest estimated IMR?
And what was it?
- Afghanistan
- 110
28
# reason for decline in birth rate - decline in infant mortality rate
What reasons contributed to the fall of the UK's in the first half of the 20th century?
- improved housing and better sanitation
- better nutrition
- better knowledge of hygiene
- fall in number of married women working
- improved services for mothers and children
29
# reason for decline in birth rate - decline in infant mortality rate
Explain improved housing and sanitation as a factor that may have contributed to falling IMR
## Footnote
Reasons contributing to the fall in the UK's IMR in C20
Eg. flush toilets and cleaning water
reduced infectious disease
- Infants are much more susceptible to infection because of their less developed immune systems
30
# reason for decline in birth rate - decline in infant mortality rate
Explain better nutrition as a factor that may have contributed to falling IMR
## Footnote
Reasons contributing to the fall in the UK's IMR in C20
Including that of mothers - improved maternal and infant health
31
# reason for decline in birth rate - decline in infant mortality rate
Explain better knowledge of hygine as a factor that may have contributed to falling IMR
## Footnote
Reasons contributing to the fall in the UK's IMR in C20
child health and welfare often spread via womens magazines
32
# reason for decline in birth rate - decline in infant mortality rate
Explain falling numbers of married women in work as a factor that may have contributed to falling IMR
## Footnote
Reasons contributing to the fall in the UK's IMR in C20
may have improved their health or that of their babies
33
# reason for decline in birth rate - decline in infant mortality rate
Explain improved services for mothers and children as a factor which may have contributed to falling IMR
## Footnote
Reasons contributing to the fall in the UK's IMR in C20
eg. antenatal or post natal clinics
34
# reason for decline in birth rate - decline in infant mortality rate
Before the 20th century how did the medical profession indirectly impact the IMR?
Through its campaigns to improve public health measures
35
# reason for decline in birth rate - decline in infant mortality rate
What time period did medical factors begin to play a greater role in the IMR?
1950s
36
# reason for decline in birth rate - decline in infant mortality rate
Explain the role medical factors played in influencing and lowering the IMR from the 1950s
* Eg. Mass immunisation against childhood diseases such as whooping cough, diphtheria and later measles
* the use of antibiotics to fight infection,
* and improved midwifery,
* and obstetric techniques
37
# reason for decline in birth rate - decline in infant mortality rate
Explain what happened to the IMR as a result of the development in medical factors from the 1950s
* by 1950 the UK IMR had fallen to 30
* and by 2012 it stood at four barely
* 1/40 of its 1900 figure
38
# reason for decline in birth rate - decline in infant mortality rate
What do Brass and Kabir (1978) argue?
The trend to smaller families began not in rural areas, where IMR first began to fall, but in urban areas, where IMR remained higher for longer
39
# reason for decline in birth rate - children are now an econ liability
Up until which point were children economic assets to their parents?
The late 19th century
40
# reason for decline in birth rate - children are now an econ liability
How were children economic assets to their parents until the late 19th century?
They could be sent out to work from an early age to earn an income
41
# reason for decline in birth rate - children are now an econ liability
What financial pressures have made parents now feel less able or willing then in the past to have a large family
Laws And changing norms
42
# reason for decline in birth rate - children are now an econ liability
How have laws meant that parents feel now less able to or willing that in the past to have a large family?
* Banning child labour, introducing compulsory schooling, and raising the school leave age
* meant that children remain economically dependent on their parents for longer and longer
43
# reason for decline in birth rate - children are now an econ liability
How have changing norms meant that parents feel now less able to or willing that in the past to have a large family?
* About what children have a right to expect from their parents in material terms
* mean that the cost of bringing up children has risen
44
# reason for decline in birth rate - child centredness
What does the increasing child centredness of both the family and of society as a whole mean?
Childhood is now socially constructed as a uniquely important period in the individuals life
45
# reason for decline in birth rate - child centredness
What does increasing child centredness mean in terms of family size?
This is encouraged a shift from 'quantity' to 'quality'
46
# reason for decline in birth rate - child centredness
What does the shift in family size from quantity to quality mean?
Parents now have few children and lavish more attention and resources on these few
47
# reason for decline in birth rate - Child Centredness
when has there been a slight increase in birth since?
## Footnote
Future trends in BR
2001
48
# reason for decline in birth rate - Child Centredness
What reason can be provided as an explanation for the slight increase in births since 2001?
## Footnote
Future trends in BR
Increase in immigration
49
# reason for decline in birth rate - Child Centredness
How can increased immigration provide an explanation for the slight increase in birth since 2001?
## Footnote
Future trends in BR
On average mothers from outside of the UK have a higher fertility rate than those born in the UK
50
# reason for decline in birth rate - Child Centredness
What statistics reinforce the argument that immigration provides a reason for the slight increase in birth since 2001?
## Footnote
Future trends in BR
Babies born to mothers outside the UK accounted for 25% of all births in 2011
51
# reason for decline in birth rate - Child Centredness
What statistic could evaluate the argument that immigration is an explanation for the slight increase in birth since 2001?
## Footnote
Future trends in BR
The office of national statistics projects for the period up to 2041 that they expect the annual number of birth to be fairly constant at around 800,000 per year
52
# Effects of changes in fertility
What aspects of society are affected by change in the number of babies born?
* The family
* the dependency ratio
* and public services and policies
53
# Effects of changes in fertility - The Family
How do changes in fertility affect the family?
Smaller family means that women are more likely to be free to go out to work thus creating a dual earner couple - typical of many professional families
54
# Effects of changes in fertility - The Family
Evaluate changes in fertility affecting the family
* Family size is only one factor
* for example better of couples may be able to have larger families and still afford childcare that allows them both to work full-time
55
# Effects of changes in fertility - The dependency ratio
Define the dependency ratio
The relationship between the size of the working or productive part of the population and the size of the nonworking or dependent part of the population
56
# Effects of changes in fertility - The dependency ratio
What must support the dependent population?
The earnings, savings and taxes of the working population
57
# Effects of changes in fertility - The dependency ratio
what demographic make up a large part of the dependent population?
Children
58
# Effects of changes in fertility - The dependency ratio
What is the effect on the dependency ratio of a fall in the number of children?
Reduces the 'burden of dependency' on the working population
59
# Effects of changes in fertility - The dependency ratio
What is the long-term impact of fewer babies being born?
## Footnote
evaluation for the fall in children reducing the 'burden of dependency'
Very young adults and a smaller working population and so the burden of dependency may begin to increase again
60
# Effects of changes in fertility - The dependency ratio
What is the result of falling fertility rates on childhood?
## Footnote
Vanishing children
* Childhood may become lonely as fewer children will have siblings
* more childless adults may mean fewer voices speaking up in support of children's interest
* however a few children could mean they will come to be more valued
61
# Effects of changes in fertility - Public services and policies
What are some of the consequences for public services of a lower birth rate?
For example, fewer schools and maternity and child health services may be needed
62
# Effects of changes in fertility - Public services and policies
What may lower birth rate affect?
The cost of maternity and paternity leave and the types of housing that need to be built
63
# Effects of changes in fertility - Public services and policies
Explain why many of the consequences of public services are in fact political decisions
For example, instead of reducing the number of schools, the government could decide to have smaller class sizes
64
# Effects of changes in fertility - Public services and policies
What is an ageing population?
There are more old people relative to young people
65
What is the death rate?
The number of deaths per thousand of the population per year
66
What was the death rate in 1900?
19
67
What was the death rate by 2012?
8.9
68
When did the death rate begin falling?
From about 1870 and continue to do so until 1930
69
At what period did the death rate rise slightly?
The 1930s and 1940s the period of the great economic depression followed by World War II
70
Following the slight increase in the death rate in the 1930s and 40s when did the death rate begin to decline slightly again?
The 1950s
71
What are the reasons for the decline in the death rate?
* Improve nutrition
* medical improvements
* smoking and diet
* public health measures
* other social changes
72
According to Tranter (1996) what was the reason for over 3/4 of the decline in death rates from about 1850 to 1970?
Due to a fall, the number of deaths from infectious diseases such as diphtheria, measles, smallpox, typhoid and above all tuberculosis (TB)
Deaths from infectious diseases were Most common in the young
73
Among which demographics would deaths from infectious disease diseases most common?
The young
74
Where did Tranter (1996) note that the most of the decline in death rate occurred?
Among infants children and young adult adults
75
What replaced infectious diseases as the main cause of death by the 1950s?
* So-called 'diseases of affluence' (wealth)
* such as heart disease and cancers
76
# Reasons for decline in DR - improved nutrition
Which sociologist argues that improve nutrition accounted for up to half the reduction death rates and was particularly important in reducing the number of death rate from TB?
Thomas McKeown (1972)
77
# Reasons for decline in DR - improved nutrition
What did Thomas McKeown (1972) argue?
* Up to half the reduction in death rates
* and was particularly important in reducing the number of deaths from tuberculosis
78
# Reasons for decline in DR - improved nutrition
What does Thomas McKeown not explain?
| Eval
* Why females who receive a smaller share of the family food play lived longer than males
* why death from some infectious disease diseases such as measles and infant diarrhoea actually rose at the time of improving nutrition?
79
# Reasons for decline in DR - Medical Improvements
What advances after the 1950s helped to reduce the death rate?
* The instruction of antibiotics
* immunisation blood transfusion
* improve maternity services
* the setting up of the national health service in 1948
80
# Reasons for decline in DR - Medical Improvements
When was the national health service set up?
1948
81
# Reasons for decline in DR - Medical Improvements
More recently, what medical advances have helped to reduce the death rate by one third?
* eg. Improved medication
* bypass surgery
* and other developments
82
# Reasons for decline in DR - Smoking and diet
What does Harper argue the greatest fall of death rates in recent decades has come from?
A reduction in the number of people smoking
83
# Reasons for decline in DR - Smoking and diet
What lifestyle epidemic has replaced smoking in the 21st-century?
Obesity
84
# Reasons for decline in DR - Smoking and diet
What has kept death from obesity low even though obesity has increased dramatically?
Drug therapies
85
# Reasons for decline in DR - Smoking and diet
What does harper suggest we may be moving to?
An 'American' health culture
86
# Reasons for decline in DR - Smoking and diet
According to Harper, what is an 'American' health culture?
One where life cells are unhealthy but wear a long lifespan is achieved by use of costly medication
87
# Reasons for decline in DR - Public health measures
In the 20th century, what has led to a range of improvements in public health and the quality of the environment?
More effective central and local government with the necessary power to pass and enforce laws
88
# Reasons for decline in DR - Public health measures
What laws and public health measures have led to a range of improvements in public health?
* Improvements and housing
* pure drinking water
* laws to combat the adulteration of food and drink the
* pasteurisation of milk
* and improved sewage methods
89
# Reasons for decline in DR - Public health measures
Which act reduced air pollution?
The Clean Air Acts
90
# Reasons for decline in DR - Public health measures
What impact did the Clean Air Acts have on public health?
* Reduce air pollution
* such as the smog that led to 4000 deaths in five days in 1952
91
# Reasons for decline in DR - Public health measures
When were the clean air acts?
1956 and 1968
92
# Reasons for decline in DR - Public health measures
Outline what the clean air acts did
banned black smoke emissions, and pushed for – and incentivised – residents and factory operators to convert to using smokeless fuels, and later to North Sea gas.
93
# Reasons for decline in DR - Other social changes
What are the social changes played a part in reducing the death rate during the 20th century?
* The decline of dangerous manual occupations such as mining
* smaller families reduce the rate of transmission of infection
* greater public knowledge of the cause of illness
* lifestyle changes, especially the reduction in the number of men who smoke
* higher incomes allowing for a healthier lifestyle
94
What is life expectancy?
How long on average a person born in a given year can expect to live
95
What does falling death rates mean for life expectancy?
It has increased
96
Compare the life expectancy of males born in England in the 1900s and in 2013
* 1900s: 50
* 2013: 90.7 years
97
Compare the life expectancy of females born in England in the 1900s and in 2013
1900: 57
2013: 94
98
Describe the increase of life expectancy over the past two centuries
It has increased by about two years per decade
99
What was one reason for the low average life expectancy in 1900?
So many infants and children did not survive beyond the early years of life
100
Give an example to put the improvement in life expectancy into perspective
A newborn baby today has a better chance of reaching at 65th birthday
than a baby born in 1900 had a reaching its first birthday
101
What does Harper predict that we will soon achieve if the trend to greater longevity (long lifespan) continues?
Radical longevity
with many centenarians
102
What are centenarians?
People aged over 100
103
Compare the amount of centenarians currently in the UK with the estimated projection by 2100
Currently: roughly 10,000
2100: 1 million
104
What important gender differences must be considered when looking at the reduction and death rate and the increase in life expectancy over the last hundred years?
* Women generally live longer than men,
* although the gap has narrowed due to changes in employment and lifestyle (such as more women smoking)
105
What important regional differences must be considered when looking at the reduction and death rate and the increase in life expectancy over the last hundred years?
Those living in the North and Scotland have lower life expectancy than those in the south
106
What important class differences must be considered when looking at the reduction and death rate and the increase in life expectancy over the last hundred years?
Working class men and unskilled or routine jobs are nearly 3 times is likely to die before they are 65 compared with men in managerial or professional jobs
107
Which sociologist investigated differences in wealth of areas in relation to death rate and life expectancy.
Walker (2011)
108
What did Walker find when investigating the differences between life expectancy and death rates in the poorest and richest areas of England?
Those living in the poorest areas of England on average seven years earlier than those in the richest areas
109
Which sociologist investigated life expectancy between disability free and those with disabilities?
Walk 2011
110
What did Walker find the average difference in life expectancy is among disability free and those with disabilities?
17 years
111
Describe the average age of the UK's population in 1971 2013 and 2037
1971: 34.1 years
2013: 40.3 years
2037: 42.8 years
112
Complete the stat:
The number of...
a) ____ or over
b) equalled the number of under ____
c) for the fiirst time ever in ____
a) 65
b) 15s
c) 2014
113
In what way can the changing age profile of the poulation be illustrated?
age pyramids
114
What do age pyramids show?
* how older age groups are growing as a proportion of the population,
* while younger groups are shrinking.
115
Which sociologist investigates the traditional age pyramid?
Donald Hirsch (2005)
116
What does Donald Hirsch (2005) note about the tradition age 'pyramid'?
its disappearing and being replaced by more or less equal sized 'blocks'
117
What example does Donald Hirsch (2005) give to back his investigation of the traditional age pyramid becoming more equal?
By 2041 there will be as many 78 year old than 5 year olds
118
Which three factors cause the ageing of the population?
1. Increasing life expectancy
2. Declining infant mortality
3. Declining fertility
119
120
How does increasing life expectancy cause an ageing population?
People are living longer into old age
121
How does declining infant mortality cause an ageing population?
so that nowadays hardly anyone dies in early life
122
How does declining fertility cause an ageing population?
Fewer young people are being born in relation to the number of old people in the population
123
What are the effects of an ageing population?
- Public services
- One-person pensioner households
- The Dependency ratio
- Ageism
124
# Effects of an ageing pop - Public Services
What demographic consumes a larger proportion of services?
Older people
125
# Effects of an ageing pop - Public Services
What type of services do older people consume a larger proportion of?
eg. health and social care
126
# Effects of an ageing pop - Public Services
what age are the 'old old'?
75+
127
# Effects of an ageing pop - Public Services
What age are the 'young old'?
65 - 74
128
# Effects of an ageing pop - Public Services
What must we be aware of when considering an ageing population?
Over generalising, since many people remain in relatively good health well into old age
129
# Effects of an ageing pop - Public Services
In addition to increased expenditure on health care, what types of policies may an ageing population lead to changes in?
provision of housing, transport or other services
130
# Effects of an ageing pop - One-person pensioner households
What has the number of pensioners living alone increased to?
- 12.5% or 1/8 of all households
131
# Effects of an ageing pop - One-person pensioner households
What gender dominates the number of one-person pensioner households?
Females
132
# Effects of an ageing pop - One-person pensioner households
Why are most one-person pensioner households female?
- Women live longer than men
- They are usually younger than their husbands
133
# Effects of an ageing pop - One-person pensioner households
Complete the sentence:
Among the over 75s...
There are twice as many women as men
134
# Effects of an ageing pop - One-person pensioner households
What is the phrase used to describe the fact that among the over 75s there are twice as many women as men?
the feminsisation of later life
135
# Effects of an ageing pop - The dependency ratio
What happens as the number of retired people rises?
This increases the dependency ration and the burden on the working population
136
# Effects of an ageing pop - The dependency ratio
What was the dependency ratio in in 2015?
3.2 - people of working age for every one pensioner
137
# Effects of an ageing pop - The dependency ratio
What is the dependency ratio predicted to fall to by 2033?
2.8 - working people for every one pensioner
138
# Effects of an ageing pop - The dependency ratio
Evaluate the dependency ratio
## Footnote
Eval
- It would be wrong to assume that 'old' necessarily equals 'economically dependent'
- Its offset by a declining number of dependent children
139
# Effects of an ageing pop - The dependency ratio
Why would it be wrong to assume that 'old' necessarily equals 'economically dependent'?
## Footnote
Eval
Eg. the age which peple can draw their pension is rising
- From 2020 - 66
- From 2026 - 67
- From 2028 - 68
140
# Consequence of an ageing pop - Ageism
What is the consequence of an ageing population in modern society?
The growth of ageism
141
# Consequence of an ageing pop - Ageism
What is agesim?
The negative stereotyping and unequak treatement of people on the basis of age
142
# Consequence of an ageing pop - Ageism
In what ways can agesim towards older people be shown?
Eg. Discrimination in employment and unequal treatment in health care.
Much of the discourse about olde age has been constructed as a problem
143
What is discourse?
Way of speaking and thinking
144
# Modern society and old age
What do many sociologisys argue that ageism is the result of?
'Structured dependency'
145
# Modern society and old age
Describe what structured dependency is
The old are largely excluded from paid work, leaving them economically dependent on their families or the state
146
# Modern society and old age
What are peoples identities and status largely determined by in modern society?
By their role in production
147
# Modern society and old age
What happens to those excluded from production in modern society?
eg by compulsary retirement
they gain a dependent status and a stigmatised identity
148
# Modern society and old age
Which Marxist looks into structured dependency?
Phillipson (1982)
149
# Modern society and old age
What does Marxist, Phillipson (1982) argue?
The old are of no use to capitalism because they are no longer productive
150
# Modern society and old age
What does Marxist, Phillipson claim happens as a result of old people having no use in a capitalist system?
- The state is unwilling to support them adequately
- so the family, especially female relatives, often have to take responsibility for their care
151
# Modern society and old age
What is life structured into, in modern society?
A fixed series of life stages
152
# Modern society and old age
In what way does age become important due to the structure of life in modern society?
In role allocation, creating fixed life stages and age related identities such as worker or pensioner
153
# Modern society and old age
What happens to the old when they are excluded from the labour force?
They are made dependent and powerless
154
# Postmodern society and old age
What do postmodern sociologists argue has happened to the fixed, orderly stages of the life course?
They have been broken down
155
# Postmodern society and old age
Give examples of trends which begin to blur the boundaries between the life stages?
children dressing in adult styles, later marriage, early retirement
156
# Postmodern society and old age
What becomes the key to our identities in postmodern society rather than production?
Consumption
157
# Postmodern society and old age
Which sociologist looks into post modern society and our roll as units of cosumption?
Hunt (2005)
158
# Postmodern society and old age
What does Hunt argue about what it means that we have shifted to consumption as the key to our identities?
This means we can choose a lifestyle and identity regardless of our age
- age no loger determines who we are or how we live
159
# Postmodern society and old age
What happens as a result of the shift to consumption as a key factor of peoples identity in post modern society?
* the old become a market for 'body maintenance' or 'rejuvenation' goods and services
* through which they can create their identities
160
# Postmodern society and old age
What types of goods or services are included in the 'body maintenance' or 'rejuvination' market?
Cosmetic surgery, exercise equipment, gym memberships and anti-ageing products
161
# Postmodern society and old age
What features of post modern society other than becoming units of consumption, also undermine old age as a stigmatised life stage?
- The centrality of the media
- The emphasis on surface features
162
# Postmodern society and old age
How does the centrality of the media undermine old age as a stigmatised life stage?
Media images now portray positive aspects of lifestykes of the elderly
163
# Postmodern society and old age
How does the emphasis on surface features undermine old age as a stigmatised life stage?
* The body becomes a surface on which we can write identities
* Anti-ageingn products enable the old to write different identities for themselves
164
# Inequality among the old
What does Pilcher (1995) argue about inequalities among the old?
Inequalities such as class and gender remain important
- Many of these are related to the individuals previous occupational position
165
# Inequality among the old
Which sociologist looks into Inequality among the old?
Pilcher (1995)
166
# Inequality among the old
Explain class inequalities among the old
- MC better occupational pensions + greater savings from higher salaries
- Poorer old people have a shorter life expectancy and suffer more infirmity - makes it harder to maintain a youthfuk self-identity
167
# Inequality among the old
Explain gender Inequality among the old
- Womens lower earnings and career breaks as carers = lower pensions
- Women - subject to sexist as well as ageist stereotyping eg "old hag"
168
What factor, in addition to natural change, affects the size and age of the population?
Migration
169
# Migration
What is migration?
Refers to the movement of people from place to place
170
# Migration
What can migration be?
internal, within a society, or international
171
# Migration
Define immigration
movement into a society
172
# Migration
Define emigration
Movement out
173
# Migration
What is net migration?
The difference between the numbers of immigrants and the number of emigrants
174
# Migration
What is net migration expressed as?
a net increase, or a net decrease due to migration
175
# Migration
Describe migration in the UK in the 20th century - pre 1980s
Fewer immigrants than emigrants
176
# Migration
What were the largest immigrant groups from 1900 until the WW2?
* Irish - mainly economic reasons,
* Eastern and Central European Jews - fleeing prosecution,
* and people of British descent from Canada and the USA
177
# Migration
Describe migration patterns in the 1950s
Black immigrantst from the Caribbean began to arrive
178
# Migration
Describe migration patterns in the 1960s and 1970s
* South Asian immigrants from India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka
* And East Africans from Kenya and Uganda
179
# Migration
What is a consequence of migration?
A more ethnically diverese society
180
# Migration
What % of the population did ethnic minority groups account for by 2011?
14%
181
# Migration
What did the 2021 govenment census find about the % of the population accounted by BAME groups?
18% of people belong to BAME groups
182
# Migration
What is one result of a more ethnically diverse society?
a greater diversity of family patterns
183
# Migration
What did a series of immigration and nationality acts from 1962 to 1990 place severe restrictions on?
non-white immigration
184
# Emigration
Complete the sentence: From as early as...
a) the mid ____ Century
b) the UK was almost always a net ____ of people
a) 16th
b) Exporter
185
# Emigration
Where did emigrants go to from the UK since 1900?
- USA
- Canada
- Australia
- New Zealand
- South Africa
186
# Emigration
What have the two main economic reasons for emigration been?
- push factors
- pull factors
187
# Emigration
What might economic push factors be for emgration?
Economic recession and unemployment at home
188
# Emigration
What might economic pull factors be for emgration?
Higher wages or better opportunities abroad
189
# The impact of migration on UK population structure - pop size
What does the trends of increasing immigration and emigration in recent years affect the size of?
the UK population, its age structure and the dependency ratio.
190
# The impact of migration on UK population structure - pop size
What factors are causing the UK population to increase?
immigration, naturally
191
# The impact of migration on UK population structure- pop size
What was net migration in 2014?
260,000
192
# The impact of migration on UK population structure - pop size
Net migration is high with 260 000 in 2014,
what was the split of immigrants and emigrants?
immigrants: 583 000
emigrants: 323 000
193
# The impact of migration on UK population structure - pop size
In 2014,
a) ____ % of the immigrants were non-EU citizens,
b) ____ % were EU citizens (mainly from Eastern Europe) and
c) ____% were British citizens returning to the UK.
a) 47%
b) 38%
c) 14%
194
# The impact of migration on UK population structure - pop size
Describe births to UK mothers?
They remain low
195
# The impact of migration on UK population structure - pop size
What % of all births do the ones of non-UK born mothers account for?
25%
196
# The impact of migration on UK population structure - pop size
Complete the sentence...
Even with these births,
a) births remain below the ____ ____
b) of ____ per woman
a) replacement level
b) 2.1
197
# The impact of migration on UK population structure - pop size
What is the replacement level?
The number needed to keep the population size stable
198
# The impact of migration on UK population structure - pop size
What would happen without net migration in the UK?
the population would be shrinking
199
# The impact of migration on UK population structure
What are the impacts of migration on the UK population structure?
- Population size
- Age structure
- The dependency ratio
200
# The impact of migration on UK population structure - age structure
In what ways does immigration lower the avg age of the population?
- indirectly
- directly
201
# The impact of migration on UK population structure - age structure
How does immigration directly lower the average age of the population?
Immigrants are generally younger. For example,
in 2011, the average age of UK passport holders was 41,
whereas that of non-UK passport holders living in Britain
was 31.
202
# The impact of migration on UK population structure - age structure
In 2011,
a) What was the average age of UK passport holders living in britain?
b) and the avg age of non-UK passport holders?
a) 41
b) 31
203
# The impact of migration on UK population structure - age structure
How does immigration indirectly lower the average age of the population?
* Being younger, immigrants are more fertile
* and thus produce more babies
204
# The impact of migration on UK population structure - age structure
What are the three effects of immigration on the dependency ratio?
- lowering
- increasing then decreasing
- reduction in impact
205
# The impact of migration on UK population structure - age structure
How may immigration lower the dependency ratio?
* Immigrants are more likely to be of working age and this helps to lower the dependency ratio.
* In addition, many older migrants return to their country of origin to retire.
206
# The impact of migration on UK population structure - age structure
How may immigration initially increase the dependency ratio before ultimately lowering it?
* However, because they are younger, immigrants have more children, thereby increasing the ratio.
* Over time, however, these children will join the labour force and help to lower the ratio once again
207
# The impact of migration on UK population structure - age structure
How may the impact impact of immigration on the dependency ratio be reduced?
* the longer a group is settled in the country,
* the closer their fertility rate comes to the national average,
208
# Globalisation and Migration
Define globalisation
the idea that barriers between societies are disappearing and people are becoming increasingly
interconnected across national boundaries.
209
# Globalisation and Migration
What is globalisation the result of?
many processes, including
the growth of communication systems and global media, the creation of global markets, the fall of communism in Eastern Europe and the expansion of the European Union
210
# Globalisation and Migration
Complete the stats:
there has been a speeding up of the rate of migration.
a) For example, according to the United Nations (____),
b) between ____ and 2013 international migration increased c) by ____%,
d) to reach ____ million
e) or ____% of the world’s population.
f) In the same year, ____ people either entered or left the UK.
a) 2013
b) 2000
c) 33%
d) 232
e) 3.2%
f) 862 000
211
# Globalisation and Migration
What types of migrants are there?
* permanent
* settlers,
* temporary workers,
* spouses,
* and forced migrants
* such as refugees and asylum seekers.
212
# Globalisation and Migration
What may some migrants have that others dont?
* Legal entitlement
* others may enter without permission
213
# Globalisation and Migration
What is globalisation increasing amongst migrants?
The diversity of types of migrants
214
# Globalisation and Migration
What evidence shows that globalisation is increasign the diversity of types of migrants?
* students are now a major group of migrants;
* in the UK in 2014, there were more Chinese-born (26%)
* than UK-born (23%) postgraduate students.
215
# Globalisation and Migration
Compare the percentage of postgraduate students in 2014 that were Chinese born versus UK born
* Chinese born - 26%
* UK born - 23%
216
# Globalisation and Migration
Where did immigration to the UK largely come from before the 1990s?
A fairly narrow range of form of British colonies
217
# Globalisation and Migration
Describe those who migrated before the 1990s to the UK
* Most of these migrants had the right to settle and become citizens.
* They formed a small number of stable, geographically concentrated and homogenous ethnic communities.
218
# Globalisation and Migration
Which sociologist coined the Term super diversity?
Steven Vertovec (2007)
219
# Globalisation and Migration
What does Steven Vertovec (2007) Mean by the term super diversity?
* Migrants now come from a much wider range of countries
* even within a single ethnic group individuals differ in terms of their legal status eg citizens or spouses
* A given ethnic group may also be divided by culture or religion
* and be widely dispersed throughout the UK.
220
# Globalisation and Migration
Sociologist distinguishes three types of migrant
Robin Cohen 2006
221
# Globalisation and Migration
What are the three different types of migrant that Robin Cohen 2006 distinguishes between?
* Citizens
* Denizens
* Helots
222
# Globalisation and Migration
What are citizens according to Cohen?
## Footnote
Robin Cohen (2006) - Three types of migrant
* with full citizenship rights (e.g. voting rights and access to benefits).
223
# Globalisation and Migration
Describe the UKs states intervention and relationship with citizens as a type of migrant since the 1970s
## Footnote
Robin Cohen (2006) - Three types of migrant
Since the 1970s, the UK state has made it harder for immigrants to acquire these rights.
224
# Globalisation and Migration
What are denizens according to Cohen?
## Footnote
Robin Cohen (2006) - Three types of migrant
are privileged foreign nationals welcomed
by the state
225
# Globalisation and Migration
Give examples of denizens
## Footnote
Robin Cohen (2006) - Three types of migrant
e.g. billionaire ‘oligarchs’ or highly paid
employees of multinational companies.
226
# Globalisation and Migration
What are helots according to Cohen?
## Footnote
Robin Cohen (2006) - Three types of migrant
(literally, slaves) are the most exploited group
227
# Globalisation and Migration
How do employers and states regard helots?
## Footnote
Robin Cohen (2006) - Three types of migrant
as ‘disposable units of labour power’, a reserve army of labour.
228
# Globalisation and Migration
Where are helots found?
And what do they include?
## Footnote
Robin Cohen (2006) - Three types of migrant
* in unskilled, poorly paid work
* and include illegally trafficked workers,
* and those legally tied to particular employers, such as domestic servants.
229
# Globalisation and Migration
What is described by the globalisation of the gender division of labour?
* In the past, most migrants were men.
* Today, however, almost half of all global migrants are female.
* where female migrants find that they are fitted into patriarchal stereotypes about women’s roles as carers or
providers of sexual services.
230
# Globalisation and Migration
Which sociologists investigate the feminisation of migration?
Barbara Ehrenreich and Arlie Hochschild (2003)
231
# Globalisation and Migration
Describe Barbara Ehrenreich and Arlie Hochschild (2003) investigation into the feminisation of migration
observe that care work, domestic work and sex work in western countries
like the UK and USA is increasingly done by women from
poor countries.
232
# Globalisation and Migration
What trends do Barbara Ehrenreich and Arlie Hochschild (2003) find which explain the fact that care work, domestic work and sex work in western countries like the UK and USA is increasingly done by women from
poor countries?
1. The expansion of service occupations in western countries has led to an increasing demand for female labour
2. western women joining the labour force - less willing or able to perform domestic labour
3. Western men remain unwilling to perform domestic labour
4. The failure of the state to provide adequate childcare
233
# Globalisation and Migration
What has the resulting gap In labour been partly filled by?
Women from poor countries
234
# Globalisation and Migration
Which sociologist looks into the percentage of adult care nurses which are migrants in the UK?
Isabel Shutes 2011
235
# Globalisation and Migration
What did Isabel Shutes (2011) report?
* that 40% of adult care nurses in the UK are migrants.
* Most of these are female.
236
# Globalisation and Migration
The global transfer of women's emotional Labour
migrant nannies provide care and affection for their employers’ children at the expense of their own
children left behind in their home country.
237
# Globalisation and Migration
What might migrant women Also Enter western countries as?
* ‘mail order’ brides.
* illegally trafficked sex workers
238
# Globalisation and Migration
What is the term 'mail order' brides often reflect?
* gendered and racialised stereotypes,
* for example of oriental women as subservient.
239
# Globalisation and Migration
Which sociologist looked at migrants and their ability to develop hybrid identities made up of two or more different sources?
John Eade (1994)
240
# Globalisation and Migration
Describe John Eade (1994) findings surrounding hybrid identities developing in migrants
* second generation Bangladeshi Muslims in Britain created hierarchical identities:
* they saw themselves as Muslim first, then Bengali, then British.
241
# Globalisation and Migration
What made those with hybrid identities find?
that others challenge their identity
claims (‘you’re not really one of us’) or accuse them of not ‘fitting in’
242
# Globalisation and Migration
Which sociologist identifies globalisation create more diverse migration Patterns?
Thomas Hylland Eriksen (2007)
243
# Globalisation and Migration
Describe the more diverse migration patterns that Thomas Hylland Eriksen (2007) identified as a result of globalisation
back-and-forth movements of people through networks rather than permanent settlement in another country.
244
# Globalisation and Migration
What may happen as a result of more diverse migration patterns?
* migrants are less likely to see themselves as belonging completely to one culture or country.
* Instead, they may develop transnational ‘neither/nor’ identities and loyalties.
245
# Globalisation and Migration
Complete the sentence:
Modern technology also makes it possible to...
sustain global ties without having to travel.
246
# Globalisation and Migration
What does Castles (2000) argue?
that assimilationist policies are counter-productive because they mark out minority groups as culturally backward or ‘Other’.
247
# Globalisation and Migration
What can assimilation policies can lead to?
minorities responding by emphasising their difference, as in the case of Islamic fundamentalism
248
# Globalisation and Migration
What happens as a result of minorities responding by emphasising their difference, as in the case of Islamic fundamentalism due to assimilation policies?
* increases the hosts’ suspicion of them as an ‘enemy within’
* may promote anti-terrorism policies that target them.
* This breeds further
* marginalisation,
* defeating the goal of assimilation.
249
# Globalisation and Migration
Who may assimilationist ideas also encourage workers to blame?
* migrants for social problems
* such as unemployment,
* resulting in racist scapegoating.
250
# Globalisation and Migration
Describe what Castles and Kosack (1973) say surrounding assimilationist ideas
* this benefits capitalism
* by creating a racially divided working class
* and preventing united action in defence of their interests
