DEMOGRAPHY Flashcards
(18 cards)
What did Trunter say for a reason for a decline in death rate?
Over 3/4 of decline in deaths from 1850 - 1970 onward was due to fall in number of deaths from infectious diseases. We have access to more medical equipment now.
What did Thomas McKeown say about nutrition and demography?
Improved nutrition accounted for up to half the reduction in death rates. Better nutrition means increased resistance to infection and increased survival chances.
How did medical improvements affect death rate.
After 1950’s, improved medical knowledge, techniques and organisations did help to reduce the death rate through antibiotics and other medical improvements as well as the development of the NHS. A medical improvement was the introduction of hand-washing, introduced by Dr Semmelweis.
How does increase in public health measures affect death rate?
There is better housing and food and drink laws, meaning life span improvement. Harper -
Reduction in smoking led to decline in death rate. Ultra Low Emission Zone (ULEZ) were introduced to lower pollution, reducing respiratory and cardiovascular diseases.
What does Walker say about class and the death rate?
Those living in the poorest areas of England die on average seven years earlier than those in richer areas.
How is life expectancy different in different regions of the UK?
Those living in the North and Scotland have a lower life expectancy than those living in the South.
How is life expectancy different for men in different occupations?
Working class men in unskilled routine jobs are nearly three times as likely to die before they are 65 compared to men in managerial/professional jobs.
What is the feminisation of migration?
In the past, almost all migrants were men, but now half are female. Often called globalisation of gender division of labour, where female migrants find that they are fitted into patriarchal stereotypes.
What is the changing nature of migration?
Globalisation has produced rapid social changes, one of those being international migration.
According to the UN:
* 2020, number of international migrants was 281 million
* 48% were female
* 3 out of 4 international migrants aged between 20 and 64
What 3 types of migrants did Robin Cohen distinguish?
- Citizens, full citizenship rights
- Denizens, privileged foreign nationals welcomed by the state
- Helots, modern day slaves, exploited workers - “disposable units of labour”
What is multiculturalism?
Acceptance of different cultures in a society and the active support of these cultural differences by both the majority and minority members.
9/11 seemingly damaged multiculturalism because of fears that tolerance for other cultures would lead to terrorist attacks.
What is assimilation?
Process of taking in and using customs and culture and becoming similar to others.
How have changes in women’s positions affected birth rates?
Women are more independent and have received equal rights to men. This allows them to focus on their own career and themself in general, causing them to have less children. Women also have more educational opportunities now, they can focus on an education rather than children.
How does children being an economic liability affect birth rates?
Cost of bringing children up has increased, leading to some families not having children due to their economic situations. Raising the age students can leave school puts even more financial pressure on the parents, causing some to avoid having children.
What three factors cause an ageing population?
- Increasing life expectancy
- Declining infant mortality rate
- Declining fertility
What does Andrew Blaikie say about an ageing population?
Postmodernist view - the ageing population is actually beneficial to society, they are a valuable consumer demographic.
What do the New Right believe about an ageing population?
It is not good for society, undermines values such as traditional nuclear family. Doesn’t allow for adequate socialisation of children.
How does an ageing population create a dependency ratio?
As the number of retired people rises, this increases the dependecy ratio and the burden on the working population. In 2022, there were 3.5 people of working age for every one pensioner.
