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sociology families and households > demography > Flashcards

demography Flashcards

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1
Q

define birth rates

A

number of live births per 1000 of the population per year

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2
Q

stats on change of birth rate over time

A

1900- 28.7

2014- 12.2

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3
Q

when were the 3 baby booms

A

1914-18

1939-45

1960s

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4
Q

define total fertility rate

A

average number of children women will have during their fertile years

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5
Q

stats on change on total fertility rate over time

A

1964- 2.93

2020- 1.58

2021- 1.61 (rose due to COVID lockdown)

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6
Q

what does the change in fertility rate show

A

more women are remaining childless now

women postpone having children (average age is 31) meaning they have less fertile years

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7
Q

what are the 4 reasons for decline in birth rate

A

changing position of women
decline in infant mortality rate
children are now an economic liability
child centeredness

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8
Q

examples of changing position of women

A

right to vote
increase in educational opportunities
Equal Pay Act 1970
Sex Discrimination Act 1975
easier access to divorce
access to abortion/contraception
change in attitudes to family life/woman’s role

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9
Q

what does Harper argue about the changing position of women

A

argues education of women has been most significant factor which triggered a change in mind set for women

more educated on contraception and also led to them rejecting traditional female roles

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10
Q

define infant mortality rate

A

number of infants who die before their first birthday per 1000 babies born alive per year

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11
Q

IMR stats over time

A

1900- 150
1950- 31
2021- 4

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12
Q

why does fall in IMR cause fall in birth rate

A

if infants die parents have more children to replace them so this increases the birth rate
if infants survive parents will have fewer children

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13
Q

reasons for IMR rates drop

A

better housing
better sanitation
better knowledge of hygiene and child health
improved services

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14
Q

medical factors that decreased IMR from 1950s onwards

A

antibiotics

mass immunisation against whooping cough, measles and diphtheria

improved midwifery and obstetric techniques

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15
Q

explain children are now economic liabilities

A

used to be economic assets to earn money for the family

laws banning child labour and compulsory schooling keeping them out of work for longer
changing norms on what children have a right to expect

means they cost more so parents have less children as they can’t afford bigger families

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16
Q

explain child centredness

A

child centeredness of family and society means childhood is now socially constructed as it is a unique time

in terms of family size there has been a shift from ‘quantity’ to ‘quality’ - parents have fewer children to give more attention and resources to them

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17
Q

how many births were accounted for by mothers outside of the UK (migration)

A

25% of all births

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18
Q

what are the future trends of birth rates predicted to be

A

expected to be fairly constant at around 800,000 a year
could increase due to migrants

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19
Q

what 3 factors in society are affected by the changing number of babies born

A

the family
dependency ratio
public services and policies

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20
Q

explain how the family is affected by the change in the number of babies born

A

smaller families
means women more likely to be free to go to work so create dual earner families

better off couples may have larger families because they can afford childcare and continue to work full time

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21
Q

explain how the dependency ratio is affected by the change in the number of babies born

A

children are dependent on parents so they may have fewer children to reduce dependency on working population

however fewer babies means fewer young adults and a smaller working population so dependency increases again

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22
Q

explain how public services and polices are affected by the change in the number of babies born

A

e.g fewer schools and maternity/childcare services needed
affects cost of mat and pat leave
affects types of houses that need to be built

these are political decisions- e.g instead of reducing amount of schools the government decide to have smaller class sizes

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23
Q

how is there an ageing population

A

women having fewer babies means average age of population is rising (more old people to young people)

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24
Q

define death rates

A

number of deaths per 1000 of the population per year

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25
stats on the change of death rates over time
1900- 19 2011- 8.7 2020- 10.3 (rose due to COVID)
26
what does Tranter argue about the decline of death rates
over 3/4 of decline of death rate from 1850-1970 was fall of infections disease e.g measles, smallpox and typhoid this affected children and young adults the most
27
what replaced infectious diseases in 1950s
‘diseases of affluence’
28
what is ‘diseases of affluence’?
diseases caused by wealth such as heart disease and cancer
29
what are 5 reasons for the decline in death rates
improved nutrition medical improvements smoking and diet public health measures other social changes
30
Mckeown - improved nutrition causing decline in death rates
argues improved nutrition accounted for over half the reduction in death rates (particularly TB) better nutrition meant more resistance to infection and increased survival rates of those who were infected
31
AO3- criticism of improved nutrition causing death rates to decline
doesn’t explain why women who received the smallest share of food lived longer than males fails to explain why some deaths from infectious diseases rose at the time nutrition improved e.g measles
32
explain medical improvements causing the decline in death rates +examples
before 1950s medical knowledge played almost no part in reducing the death rate and in some cases actually caused it since 1950s improved medical knowledge,techniques and organisations reduced death rate e.g blood transfusions, antibiotics, NHS set up, improved maternity care
33
what does Harper argue about smoking and diet and the decline in death rate
there has been a reduction in the amount of people who smoke obesity has replaced smoking as the new lifestyle death from obesity is quite low due to drug therapies so higher obesity levels but longer lifespan through costly medication
34
how many adults were obese in 2012
1/4 of UK adults were obese
35
public health measures that decreased death rate
improved housing purer drinking water pasteurisation of milk improved sewage methods clean air act reduced air pollution
36
other social changes that reduced the death rate
decline of dangerous manual occupations e.g mining smaller families reduced rate of transmission of infection greater public knowledge about causes of illness lifestyle changes e.g no. men who smoke higher incomes allow healthier lifestyle
37
define life expectancy
average number of years a person can be expected to live to
38
stats on life expectancy in males and females changing over time
1900- males=50 & females=57 2020- males=79 & females=83
39
stat on better chances of reaching birthdays now
today a new born baby has a better chance of reaching its 65th birthday than a baby born in 1900 had of reaching its 1st birthday
40
what is ‘radical longevity’?
with many more people over 100
41
class, regional and gender differences in living longer lives
women tend to live longer than men those in the north have shorter life expectancy than those in the south w/c men with unskilled jobs are 3x more likely to die before their 65th birthday compared to men in managerial or professional jobs
42
Walker- stats on who lives longer
those living in the poorest areas die on average 7 years earlier than those in the richest areas
43
stats on the average age over time
1971- 34.1 2021- 40.7 2037- estimated to be 42.8
44
what are the 3 factors that have caused ageing population?
increased life expectancy decline in infant mortality decline in fertility
45
what are the 3 effects of the ageing population
public services one person pensioner households dependency ratio
46
explain how public services are effected by an ageing population
older people (specifically 75+) consume a larger proportion of health and social care than any other groups can’t overgeneralise since many older people remain in relatively good health
47
explain how one person pensioner households are effected by an ageing population
number of pensioners living alone has increased now account for 12.5% of all households mostly females as they live longer than men on average among 75+ there are 2x the amount of women than men seen as an issue as they are taking up much needed family housing
48
explain how dependency ratio is effected by an ageing population
non-working young and non-working old are economically dependent groups who need to be provided for by those of working age
49
ratio of working people to pensioners over time
2015- 3.2 working people: 1 pensioner 2033- 2.8 working people: 1 pensioner
50
criticisms of the dependency ratio in an ageing population
wrong to assume just because an individual is ‘old’ that they are also ‘economically dependent’ e.g age that people can withdraw their pension is increasing 2020-66 rising to 67 by 2026 could be argued whilst number of old people raises dependency ratio this could be offset by decline in dependent children
51
what is ageism
negative stereotypes and unequal treatment of people based on their age e.g in employment, healthcare, speaking and thinking about old age
52
modern society and old age Philipson (marxist)
ageism is due to ‘structure dependency’ excluded from paid work leaves them economically dependent on family and state so they are no use to capitalism life is structured into fixed stages e.g childhood, youth, old age so age becomes important in role allocation such as worker or pensioner
53
postmodern society and old age
argue the fixed and orderly stages of life course have broken down so people have more choice of lifestyle whatever their age as a result the old become a new market e.g anti ageing products, cosmetic surgery these services reject the idea old age is a stigmatised life stage
54
criticisms of postmodern society and old age
orderly stages may have broken down but inequalities e.g class and gender remain e.g m/c have better occupational positions so better pensions
55
Age Concern 2014 stat on discrimination against age
found 29% of people reported suffering age discrimination
56
Hirsch - 2 policy implications to finance a longer period of old age
pay more from our savings and taxes while we are working and work for longer housing-old people should be encouraged to ‘trade down’ in order to release wealth to improve standard of living and free up housing for families
57
what do we also need to change other than policies towards old age
our cultural attitudes
58
what does Hirsch argue age is?
a social construct- not a fixed, purely biological fact, but shaped by society
59
define immigration and emigration
immigration- movement into a society emigration- movement out of a society
60
define net migration
difference between the number of immigrants and the number of emigrants and is expressed as net increase or decrease
61
immigration over time
1900- mainly Irish for economic reasons and Eastern/central European Jews (tended to be white) 1950s- black immigrants from Caribbean 1960s and 1970s - South Asian 1980s- non whites accounted for over 1/4 of all immigrants
62
what is a consequence of immigration
more ethnically diverse society as of 2021 ethnic minorities accounted for 18% of the population greater family type diversity
63
what are the main reasons for emigration?
economic factors
64
what are push and pull factors
push- like economic recession or unemployment at home pull- like higher wages or better opportunities abroad
65
impact of migration on UK population structure
population size rising net migration increasing births to non UK account for 29% of all births in 2021 natural increase in more births than deaths
66
net migration stats
2014- 260,000 2020- 606,000
67
stats of ethnicities of migrants
79% non EU immigrants 13% EU immigrants (mainly Eastern Europe) 8% British citizens returning
68
define age structure in terms of migration
immigration lowers average age of the population both directly and indirectly
69
how is immigration lowering average age directly?
immigrants are generally younger e.g in 2011 the average age of UK passport holders was 41 whilst non UK passport holders were 31
70
how is immigration lowering average age indirectly?
being younger, immigrants are more fertile so produce more babies
71
3 effects of the dependency ratio of immigration
immigrants more likely to be of working age so lowers the dependency ratio (+older migrants likely to retire in original country) immigrants have more children so this increases the ratio (will lower once they start work) the longer a group settles in the host nation the closer the fertility rate comes to that of a national average
72
what factors is globalisation a result of?
growth of communication system global media global markets fall of communism in Eastern Europe expansion in EU
73
what are the 3 trends in global migration?
acceleration differentiation feminisation of migration
74
explain acceleration in global migration +stats
rate of migration has sped up between 2000 and 2020 international migration increased by 33% to reach 232 million or 3.6% of the worlds population
75
explain differentiation in global migration
there are different types of migrants e.g permanent settlers, temporary workers, spouses and forced migrants used to come from few colonies legally but now come from wide range of colonies
76
differentiation in global migration Cohen- 3 types of migrants
citizens- full citizen rights e.g vote, benefits (since 1970s it is harder to get these rights) denizens- privileged foreign nationals welcomed by state e.g billionaires helots- literally slaves, most exploited, found in poorly paid and unskilled work and includes illegally trafficked workers
77
explain feminisation of migration
in the past most migrants were men but now almost half of all migrants are female female migrants are fitted into patriarchal stereotypes about womens roles as carers or providers of sexual services
78
factors as to why women from poorer countries do more care, domestic and sex work
expansion of service occupations western women have joined labour force so less time to perform domestic tasks western men unwilling to perform domestic duties failure of state to provide adequate childcare
79
Shutes- stat on feminisation of migration
40% of adult care nurses in the UK are migrants, mostly female
80
feminisation of migration (emotional labour)
migrant nannies provide affection for their employees children at the expense of their own left behind in their home country
81
feminisation of migration (‘mail order’ brides)
reflects gendered stereotypes e.g oriental women as subservient women migrants also enter the UK as illegally trafficked sex workers often kept in conditions amounting to slavery
82
explain migrant identities
may form ‘hybrid identities’ made up of two or more sources others may challenge their identity (‘you’re not really one of us’) e.g Bangladeshi Muslims in Britain create hierarchical identities- saw themselves as Muslim first, then Bengali, then British
83
explain transnational identities
don’t see themselves as belonging completely to one culture or country globalised economy means migrants may have more ties to other migrants across the globe than one from their country of origin or settlement less likely to desire assimilation into host culture
84
politicisation of migration
with increased migration, it has become a more important political issue states have policies to control immigration, absorb migrants and deal with increased cultural and ethnic diversity also been lined to national security and anti terrorism policies
85
what was the first state policy approach to immigration?
assimilation
86
what did assimilation policy aim to encourage
encourage immigrants to adopt the language, values and customs of the host culture to make them ‘like us’ this does not factors in migrants with ‘hybrid identities’
87
what is multiculturalism
accept migrants may wish to maintain a separate cultural identity in practice this acceptance may be limited to more superficial aspects of cultural diversity
88
what are the 2 types of diversity that Eriksen distinguishes between?
shallow diversity deep diversity
89
explain shallow diversity
e.g regarding chicken tikka masala as Britains national dish is acceptable to the state
90
explain deep diversity
e.g arranged marriages or veiling women as not acceptable to the state
91
what do critics argue about multicultural educational policies
they celebrate shallow diversity (superficial cultural differences) but fail to address deeper problems facing children such as racism
92
movement towards multiculturalism over time
from 1960s there has been a movement towards multiculturalism but since 9/11 many politicians have swung back demanding migrants assimilate e.g in France veiling the face in public was made illegal in 2010
93
AO3- Castles criticism of assimilation policies
they are counter productive because they mark out minority groups as culturally backward or ‘other’ can lead to minorities emphasising their differences this increases hosts suspicion so further promotes policies to target them
94
AO3- a divided working class due to policies of migration
may encourage workers to blame migrants for social problems e.g unemployment so this results in racist scapegoating this benefits capitalism by creating a racially divided w/c and prevents united action

sociology families and households (7 decks)

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