Demography

Question 1

What is meant by birth rate?

Answer 1

The number of live births per thousand of the population per year

Question 2

What is happening to the birth rate?

Answer 2

Decreasing

Question 3

What is the total fertility rate? and what is the trend

Answer 3

The average number of children women will have during her fertile years
-Fell to 1.58 children in 2020 per woman
-more women remaining childless
-more women having children later

Question 4

What are 4 reasons behind the decline in birth rate?

Answer 4

-Womens changing position
-Decline in infant mortality rate
-Children as an economic liabilty
-Childcenteredness

Question 5

How can women’s changing position reflect the decline in birth rate?

Answer 5

-Legal equality with men, more women in work

Harper- more women are educated so change in mindset away from being housewives
-delay/ abort childbearing to pursue a career

Question 6

How can a decline in the infant mortality rate explain the decline in birth rate?

Answer 6

If children die, parents have more to replace lost ones. Less children dying so less replacements born that would increase birth rate

Question 7

Why has the infant mortality rate decreased? (4 points)

Answer 7

improved housing/better sanitations=less infection
-better nutrition
-Better knowledge of child health due to media
-Immunisations

Question 8

How have children become and economic liability and how has this led to a decline in birth rate?

Answer 8

-Laws banning child labour/compulsury schooling= students in school=more dependent
as children are expensive and more dependent, less are had

Question 9

How can child centeredness lead to a decrease in birth rate?

Answer 9

Prioritisation of childhood ‘golden age’ =More focus on quality of childhood of few children instead of quantity of children

Question 10

Why was there a slight increase in birth rates in the 21st century?

Answer 10

Increase in immigration by mothers who have a higher fertility rate tha Uk mothers

Question 11

How can changes in fertility rates affect the family

Answer 11

Smaller families
-more freedom for women to work= more dual earner households

Question 12

How can changes in fertility rates affect the dependency ratio?

Answer 12

Initially, it reduces burden of dependency on working pop
-Long term= fewer working adults= increase in burden of dependency

Question 13

What is the death rate?

Answer 13

The number of deaths per thousand of the population per year

Question 14

How can improved nutrition explain the decline in death rate? (+A03)

Answer 14

McKeown; Better resistance to infection + better chance of survival from infection
-However, doesnt explain why women still live longer than males although they eat less of the food

Question 15

How can medical improvements explain the decline in death rate?

Answer 15

Introduction of antibiotics/medication, immunisations,
-More likely to be treated for illnesses as well as ‘diseases of the affluent’ due to NHS provisions

Question 16

How have social policies and public health measures lead to the decline in the death rate

Answer 16

Policies enforcing better housing, purer drinking water and improved sewage disposal methods
-Clean air act after 1952 smog
-Decline in dangerous manual occupations

Question 17

What is the averge life expectancy for a man and woman

Answer 17

Man; 87 women; 90
In 1900 it was 50:57

Question 18

What 3 things cause the ageing population

Answer 18

-Increasing life expectancy
-Declining infant mortality
-declining fertility

Question 19

What are the effects of the ageing population?

Answer 19

-Increase in public services; older people need more health and social care services
-Increase in one person pensioner households(mostly women) (1 in 7)
-Increase in dependency ratio
-Ageism as old age is often negatively stereotyped as incompetence due to policies such as compulsary retirement age

Question 20

what is ageism?

Answer 20

The unequal treatment of people based on age

Question 21

What is the modernist view of old age?

Answer 21

Life is put into fixed stages with age related identities e.g pupil, worker,pensioner. As pensioners status holds no role in production, they develop a stigmatised identity

Question 22

What is the postmodernist view of old age?

Answer 22

The fixed life stages has been blurred (later marriage/ early retirement children dressing as adults)
Elderly can craft their identities through our media consumption regardless of age (cosmetic surgery/anti-ageing/excercise)

Question 23

how are there inequalities among the old and how can this criticise the postmodernist view?

Answer 23

womens lower earnings=less pensions
m/c better jobs=better pensions
-Shows structural factors still play a part in determining elderly life, age is not as fluid as they state and they may overplay the role of choice in crafting identity

Question 24

How can policies tackle the ageing population?

Answer 24

Hirsch argues new policies needed to finance old age e.g paying more taxes, increasing retirement age or sizing down old peoples houses to free up space

Question 25

What are the main reasons for emigrating?

Answer 25

Economic reasons Push factors e.g unemoployement pull factors; higher wages/better working opportunities

Question 26

What is the impact of migration on the UK population structure?

Answer 26

-Increase in population size -Immigrants lower age of population; directly and indirectly (more fertile) -Decreases dependency ratio, but also increases by having kids

Question 27

What are the trends in global migration

Answer 27

-Acceleration -Differentiation. -Feminisation

Question 28

How has globalisation of migration lead to diferentiation?

Answer 28

Wider variety in reasons for migration as well as cultures/ethinicities that are migrating 'super-diversity' as many different types of migrsnts

Question 29

according to Cohen, what are the three types of migrants? (differentiation)

Answer 29

There are class differences between migrants Citizens-full citizenship rights denizens-privileged foreign nationals, welcomed into the country due to status Helots- a disposable reserve army of labour (illegally trafficked workers)

Question 30

How has migration been feminised?

Answer 30

Ehrenreich and Hochschild argue that there has been a globalisation of gender division of labour as they perform trad roles -Almost 1/2 of migrants are females and either provide care work,sex work or domestic work -Migrant nannies also provide a 'global transfer of emotional labour' by providing affection to UK children and neglecting their own at home

Question 31

What are transnational identities?

Answer 31

Erikson -Migrants less likely to see themselves as belonging to one country, adopt combination of both -Modern technology also makes it possible to sustain global ties without having to travel

Question 32

How has migration been politicised?

Answer 32

Increase in either assimilation or multiculturalism policies to deal with cultural diversity

Question 33

What did assimilation policies aim to do?

Answer 33

Aimed to encourage immigrants to adopt language,culture and values of host country

Question 34

What are the two types of multiculturalism diversity, according to Erikson

Answer 34

Shallow diversity-acceptable to the state e.g Chichen Tikka Masala national dish deep diversity- e.g arranged marriages are not acceptable by the state

Question 35

What is multiculturalism?

Answer 35

accept that migrants may want to retain a seperate culture identity

Question 36

How can multiculturalism and assimilation policies be criticised?

Answer 36

Multiculturalism; only celebrate shallow diversity Assimilation; marixists argue it is done to divide w/c by blaming migrants for problems.