demography Flashcards
(45 cards)
Demography trends birth
Long-term decline in birthrate from 1900 until 2001
Birthrate increased until 2012 by 2014 it had fallen again
Reason for decline in birthrate
changes in position of women
Women’s role and status has improved within society, increased education opportunities, equal legislation, career advancement and easier access to divorce
Improve contraception given women more control of the fertility
Reasons for decline in birthrate
decline in infant mortality rate
better health care and access to prenatal care
Better education people don’t smoke or drink get informed
Vaccination immunisation to diseases can control
Improved housing conditions
In the olden days if one child died families would have a lot of children to ensure the survival of a few
Reasons for the decline in birthrate
children have become an economic liability
In the olden days Children seen as an economic asset more children equals more wages children were sent out to work
Children are expensive and can no longer work due to laws they have compulsory education and expectations and opportunities that cost more money
Reasons for decline in birthrate
child centredness
Society focuses on the needs of children this is reflected in the family
There has been a movement from quantity of children to quality
Explanation for why the birthrate increased from 2001 to 2012
The reason for the increase of birth is from 2001 to 2012 was due to immigration
On average mothers outside the UK have higher fertility rates
In 2011 25% of all births were from mothers outside the UK
Demographic trends death
Death rate remained fairly stable 1900 except sure when there was a flu epidermic
However death rate has fallen since 1900
1900 death rate was 19 whereas 2012 had fallen to 8.9
Reasons for the increase in life expectancy and declining death rate
Improvement in living standards
Wage rises lifted many people out of poverty meaning they could afford better housing and more nutritional food
The provision of well ventilated social housing for the prior contributed to the near eradication of tuberculosis
The introduction of public health initiative such as Clearwater in the home and public sanitation schemes reduce the number of people dying from waterborne diseases such as cholera
Reasons for the increase in life expectancy and declining death rate
Improved education
Improve education and knowledge of hygiene lead to people taking more responsibility for avoiding health threatening behaviour and adopting more hygienic healthy lifestyles
Reasons for the increase in life expectancy and declining death rate
The introduction of welfare state
Particularly access to free medical care provided by the NHS as well as social services and welfare payments
This provided a safety net for those most at risk of ill health for example the elderly unemployed and the long-term sick and disabled
Reasons for the increase in life expectancy and declining death rate
Improvement of healthcare
Life expectancy had increased before the NHS was due probably because of public health measures
However in 1958 and the NHS introduced mass vaccination all children under the age of 15 against diseases like polio
Moreover new medications and treatments are been created continuously with the aim of prolonging life for example improvement in cancer treatment
Demographic trends of Life expectancy
As Death rate falls life expectancy increases
1900 male expected 50 female 57
2012 Life expectancy increased 78 for men and 82 for women
Demographic trends life expectancy
Why there are still class gender region and ethnic differences
Women live longer than men over the gap has narrowed due to changes in employment and lifestyle
Living in the north do you have a lower life expectancy than those in the south
Working-class men in unskilled routine jobs nearly 3 times more likely to die before 65 compared with men in managerial professional jobs
Demographic trends ageing population
It is rising
On current projections by 2041 there will be as many 78-year-olds as five-year-olds
Effects of ageing population
Burden on public services and the dependency ratio
The dependency ratio is the balance between working population and those dependent on the welfare state such as pensioners
Government is concerned that the dependent elderly will soon outnumber taxpaying workers and state may not be able to afford to pay for the healthcare and pensions of an ageing population
The griffins report indicated cost of elderly care will escalate in the future this is because baby boom generation predicted to retire around the same time which could lead to unstable pension and healthcare costs
As a consequence coalition government increased state pension age to 66 And there are plans in the future to increase it to 70 in order to cover the costs of this trend
Effects of an ageing population
Increase in one-person households
There has been an increase in elderly people living alone when their partner passes away
In 2013 14% of all households consisted of an elderly person who lived alone. These are mostly women because generally have a longer life expectancy than men
Effects of an ageing population
Increase in beanpole and extended families Brannen
Brandon claims decline in birthrate and rise in life expectancy produced the beanpole family
As people live longer and have fewer children relationships between grandparents parents and children have become more significant
Families now multigenerational people tend to live long enough to have grandchildren and great grandchildren
What are the relatives are useful because they can assist in childcare which can allow adults to work longer hours
Effects of ageing population
Increase in people and extended families but Ross et al
They claimed that the relationship between grandparents and their grandchildren have become more significant
Because grandparents play a major role in both economic maintenance of the nuclear family and the primary socialisation of children
Effects of an ageing population
Positive ageing
blaikie observes growing number of empty nesters and more affluent retirees has brought about a change in how the elderly are viewed
There are no exists and active leisure-based third age in which the elderly are seen as a means of boosting the economy rather than dependency problem as they have a more disposable income than previous generations
Why class and gender remain important for an ageing population pilcher
Pilcher argues inequalities my class and gender remain important
Related to individuals previous occupational position for example middle-class have better occupation pensions and greater savings from higher salaries Poor old people don’t have this also they are more likely to die younger
Women’s lower earnings and career breaks can mean lower pensions then men
Definition of birth rate
Number of live births Per 1000 of the population per year
Definition of total fertility rate
Number of live births per 1000 women of childbearing age per year
Definition of infant mortality rate
Number of infant deaths under age 1 per 1000 live births
Definition of life expectancy
The statistical measure of how long a person is expected to live
