demography Flashcards
(38 cards)
what four factors affect the size of a country’s population
- births: how many babies are born
- deaths: how many people die
- immigration: how many people enter the country from else where
- emigration: how many people leave the country to live else where
what is natural change
the result of there being more births than deaths
what is net migration
more immigration than emigration
what is the birth rate
the number of live births per thousands of the population per year
what does total fertility rate mean
is the average number of children women will have during their fertility years
two reasons for changes in the fertility and birth rates.
- more women are remaining childless then in the past
- women are postponing having children: the average for giving birth now is 30 and fertility rates for women in their 30’s and 40’s are on the increase
changes in the position of women
major changes in the position of women:
- legal equality with men(right to vote)
- increased educational opportunities
- more women in paid employment
decline in the infant mortality rate
IMFR measures the number of infants who die before their first birthday, per thousand babies born alive per year. Harper argues that a fall in the IMR leads to a fall in the birth rate. if many infants die parents have more children to replace those they have loss.
children are now an economic liability
children are gradually becoming an economic liability.
laws- banning child labour, introducing compulsory schooling and raising the school leaving age
changing norms- the costs for bringing up children have risen
child centeredness
there has been a shift from quantity to quality- parents now have fewer children and lavish more attention and resources on these few
. What is the reason for the slight increase in births since 2001?
increase in immigration because, on average, mothers from outside the UK have higher fertility rate than those born in the Uk
What does the overall projection show about the number of births up to 2041?
expects the annual number of births to be fairly constant, at around 800,000 per year
What is the effect of fewer babies being born on:
The family?
smaller families mean that women are more likely to be free to go out to work, thus creating the dual earner couple
What is the effect of fewer babies being born on: dependency ratio
dependency ratio is the relationship between the size of the working or productive part of the population and the size of the non working or dependent part of the population.
Children make up a large part of the dependent population, so a fall in the number of children reduces the “burden of dependency” on the working population
What is the effect of fewer babies being born on: public services and policies
lower birth rate has consequences for public services- fewer schools, maternity and child health services may be needed.
define death rate
is the number of deaths per thousand of the population per year.
According to Tranter, what was the main reason for the decline in the death rate from 1850 to
1970.
due to the fall in the number of deaths from infectious diseases such as measles and small pox.
By the 1950s, what kinds of diseases had become the main cause of death?
“diseases of affluence”-wealth such as heart disease and cancers had replaced infectious diseases as the main cause of death. affected middle age and old
social factors that had an impact on death rates: Improved nutrition
McKeown argued that improved nutrition accounted for up to half the reduction in death rates and was particularly important in reducing the number of deaths and increased survival chances of those who did become infected
social factors that had an impact on death rates: medical improvements
improved medical knowledge techniques and organisation did help to reduce death rates. introduction of antibiotics .
social factors that had an impact on death rates: smoking and diet
reduction in the number of people smoking lead to a fall in death rates. obesity has increased dramatically, deaths from obesity have been kept on the low as a result of drug therapies
social factors that had an impact on death rates: public heath measures
power to pass and enforce laws led to a range of improvements in public health and the quality of the environment. these included improvements in housing and purer drinking water
social factors that have had an impact on death rates: other social changes
- the decline in dangerous manual occupations such as mining
- smaller families reduces the rate of transmission of infection
define life expectancy
refers to how long on average a person born in a given year can expect to live
