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dental anomalies Flashcards

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1
Q

What 4 things are commonly affected by dental anomalies?

A

Number of teeth
Size and shape of teeth
Hard tissue defects
Eruption and exfoliation

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2
Q

Name 4 conditions associated with hypodontia

A

Any from:
- ectodermal dysplasia
- Down syndrome
- Cleft palate
- Hurler’s syndrome
- Incontinencia pigmentii

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3
Q

Name 4 problems commonly caused by hypodontia

A

Any from:
- abnormal shape - often cone shaped
- abnormal form
- infraocclusion
- deep overbite
- reduced lower face height

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4
Q

Describe the prevalence of supernumeraries

A

1.5-3.5% prevalence
Males:females 2:1
More common in maxilla
Higher frequency in Japan
Higher frequency in cleidocranial dysplasia

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5
Q

What are the 4 types of supernumeraries?

A

Conical (cone shaped)
Tubercular (barrel shaped, has tubercles)
Supplemental (looks like tooth of normal series)
Odontome (irregular mass of dental hard tissue, can be compound or complex)

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6
Q

What is the most common cause of delayed eruption of permanent incisors?

A

Supernumeraries

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7
Q

What is the prevalence of hypodontia?

A

6.3% in females
4.6% in males
0.9% in primary dentition

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8
Q

Which teeth are least likely to be missing?

A

First permanent molars
Upper central incisors

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9
Q

Describe microdontia, explain the prevalence and give an example

A

Smaller teeth than normal
2.5% prevalence, affects females more than males
Eg - peg shaped lateral incisor

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10
Q

Give 4 examples of anomalies of tooth size and shape

A

Any from:
- microdontia
- macrodontia
- odontomes
- taurodontism
- dilaceration
- accessory cusps

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11
Q

What is macrodontia and explain the prevalence?

A

Larger teeth than normal
Less than 1% for single teeth and 0.1% generalised

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12
Q

What is taurodontism and explain the prevalence?

A

Flame shaped pulp
6.3% prevalence in the UK

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13
Q

Give a common example of accessory cusps

A

Talon cusps

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14
Q

What is dens in dente and why must it be sealed?

A

A tooth within a tooth
The tooth inside has its own pulp system and RCT cannot be provided

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15
Q

What are the causes of short root anomaly?

A

Radiotherapy
Dentine dysplasias
Accessory roots

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16
Q

Describe the prevalence of short root anomaly

A

Mostly occurs on permanent maxillary incisors
2.5% incidence
15% of these also have short roots on canines and premolars

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17
Q

What is the danger of short root anomaly?

A

Very dangerous for orthodontic treatment

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18
Q

Give 3 examples of anomalies of enamel structure

A

Amelogenesis imperfecta
Environmental enamel hypoplasia
Localised enamel hypoplasia

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19
Q

Name 4 types of amelogenesis imperfecta

A

Hypoplastic
Hypocalcified
Hypomaturational
Mixed forms

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20
Q

Give 4 causes of environmental enamel hypoplasia

A

Any 4 from:
- systemic disease
- nutritional deficiency
- metabolic eg - rhesus incompatibility
- infection eg - measles
- trauma
- infection of primary tooth

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21
Q

What is the cause of localised enamel hypoplasia?

A

Trauma to primary teeth or infection of primary teeth

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22
Q

What are the different categories of hard tissue defects aetiologies?

Study These Flashcards
A

Localised or generalised

23
Q

What are the 2 causes of generalised hard tissue defects?

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A

Environmental
Genetic factors

24
Q

Describe the aetiology of fluorosis

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A

Generalised and caused by environmental factors

25
Describe the aetiology of MIH
Generalised and caused by environmental factors Associated with childhood illness and chronological hypomineralisation eg - liver or kidney failure
26
Give an example of a prenatal, neonatal and postnatal infection that can lead to a generalised environmental enamel defect
Prenatal - rubella Neonatal - meningitis Postnatal - measles
27
Describe the prevalence of amelogenesis imperfecta
Affects 1 in 14,000 Familial inheritance Autosomal dominant, recessive and x-linked
28
What is used to diagnose amelogenesis imperfecta
Family history Generally affects both dentitions but worse in permanent Affects all teeth Tooth size, structure and colour Radiographs - fail to see changes in radiolucency between enamel and dentine
29
Describe the biology of the aetiology of amelogenesis imperfecta
Enamel formation needs multiple genes to transcribe the process of crystal growth and mineralisation Gene mutations found involve the enamel ECM molecules amelogenin, enamelin and kallikrein 4
30
Describe hypoplastic AI
Enamel crystals do not grow to the correct length
31
Describe hypomineralised AI
Enamel crystals fail to grow in thickness and width
32
Describe hypomaturational AI
Enamel crystals grow incompletely in thickness or width but to normal length with incomplete internalisation
33
Give 4 dental problems patients with AI may experience
Any from: - sensitivity - caries and acid susceptibility - poor aesthetics - poor oral hygiene - delayed eruption - anterior open bite
34
What are the treatment options for AI?
Enhanced prevention Composite veneers Fissure sealants Metal and ceramic onlays SS crowns - later get replaced Orthodontics - brackets often deboned but often required due to AOB
35
Name 4 systemic disorders associated with enamel defects
Any 4 from: - Down syndrome - Prader-Willi syndrome - Porphyria - Hurler’s syndrome - Epidermolysis bullosa - Tuberous sclerosis - Pseudohypoparathyroidism - incontinente pigmentii
36
Give 4 examples of anomalies of dentine structure
Dentinogenesis imperfecta Dentine dysplasia Odontodysplasia Systemic disturbance - nutritional, metabolic, drugs
37
What is dentine dysplasia?
Normal crown morphology, amber radiolucency, pulpal obliteration and short constricted roots
38
What is Odontodysplasia?
Localised arrest in tooth development Thin layers of enamel and dentine Large pulp chambers ‘Ghost teeth’
39
What is the prevalence of dentinogenesis imperfecta?
Very rare, far rarer than AI
40
What are the 3 types of dentinogenesis imperfecta?
Type I Type II Brandywine
41
How is dentinogenesis imperfecta diagnosed?
Appearance Family history Associated osteogenesis imperfecta (wheelchair, multiple bone fractures) Both dentitions Affected Radiographs - bulbous crowns and obliterated pulps (I and II) Enamel loss - normal but quickly lost due to no connection at ACJ Occult abscess - abscess forming without any disease
42
Describe the pulp chamber in DI
Huge pulps when tooth first erupts but quickly obliterated
43
What is type I DI associated with?
Osteogenesis imperfecta - child will have blue sclera of eye in stead of white and teeth will appear amber/translucí ent grey
44
What dental problems may patients with DI experience?
Poor aesthetics Caries and acid susceptibility Spontaneous abscess Very poor prognosis
45
What are the treatment options for DI?
Enhanced prevention Composite veneers Overdentures Removable prosthesis SS crowns on posterior teeth Composite on anterior teeth
46
Name 2 other hereditary dentine defects limited to dentine only
Dentinogenesis imperfecta type II Fibrous dysplasia of dentine
47
Name 2 other hereditary dentine defects associated with a general disorder
Any 2 from: - Osteogenesis imperfecta - Ehlers-Danlos syndrome - Rickets - Hypophosphatasia
48
What are the main aims of treatment for tooth structure defects?
Enhanced prevention Pain control Restoration of lost tissue Harness growth
49
Give examples of 2 anomalies of cementum
Cleidocranial dysplasia - no clavicle, patient can touch shoulders together - hypoplasia of cellular component of cementum Hypophosphatasia - hypoplasia or aplasia of cementum, early loss of primary teeth
50
Name 3 signs of premature eruption of teeth
High birth weight Precocious puberty (early) Natal or neonatal teeth
51
Give 4 signs of delayed eruption of teeth
Any 4 from: - Preterm and low birth weight - Malnutrition - Down syndrome - Cleidocranial dysplasia - Gingival hyperplasia - pseudodelayed eruption, so much gingivae that teeth don’t seem to be erupting - infraocclusion - double primary teeth - hypodontia - ectopic permanent successors - following trauma
52
Name 4 causes of premature exfoliation
Any 4 from: - trauma - following pulpotomy - Hypophosphatasia - immunological deficiency eg - cyclic neutropenia - Chediak-Higashi syndrome - Hystiocytosis X
53
Describe the prevalence of infra-occlusion
Affects 1-9% of people Lower first primary molar most common, can happen to second too Congenital absence of premolar successor Majority exfoliate by 11-12 but some are properly ankylosed

4 - paeds (3 decks)

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